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Online since: September 2016
Authors: S.I. Yaresko
Microhardness measurement data along the end cutting edge (direction 2 on Fig. 1 and Fig. 2) are shown on Fig. 5 (a) and Fig. 5 (b).
Similar data, obtained along the line formed by the intersection of the major and end flanks of the cutter (direction 1 on Fig. 1 and Fig. 2) are shown in Fig. 6 (a) and Fig. 6 (b).
Analysis of the measurements shows that at a distance of 20 mm from the surface distribution of microhardness in the specified directions (Fig. 1.) with a high degree of confidence correspond to the experimental data (coefficient of multiple determination R2 = 0.71 – 0.94; Fig. 5 (a) and Fig. 6 (a)).
Comparing the obtained data with the diagrams contact pressures on cutter face, which was give in [5], it can be seen that the curves of microhardness distribution along the end cutting edge practically repeat distribution of contact pressures.
The analysis of the microstructure in the contact zone and data on the measurement of microhardness allows to conclude that the LT leads to increase tool life, operating at the cutting conditions when the growth of thermodynamic tension in the cutting zone not leads to the development of processes of softening.
Similar data, obtained along the line formed by the intersection of the major and end flanks of the cutter (direction 1 on Fig. 1 and Fig. 2) are shown in Fig. 6 (a) and Fig. 6 (b).
Analysis of the measurements shows that at a distance of 20 mm from the surface distribution of microhardness in the specified directions (Fig. 1.) with a high degree of confidence correspond to the experimental data (coefficient of multiple determination R2 = 0.71 – 0.94; Fig. 5 (a) and Fig. 6 (a)).
Comparing the obtained data with the diagrams contact pressures on cutter face, which was give in [5], it can be seen that the curves of microhardness distribution along the end cutting edge practically repeat distribution of contact pressures.
The analysis of the microstructure in the contact zone and data on the measurement of microhardness allows to conclude that the LT leads to increase tool life, operating at the cutting conditions when the growth of thermodynamic tension in the cutting zone not leads to the development of processes of softening.
Online since: October 2014
Authors: Liliana Luca, Liviu Marius Cirtina, Constanţa Rădulescu
Data required to the computer.
The data required for input into the computer are presented in Table 1.
Schematic representation of the obtained data.
The designer so does not have adequate data for applying relation (4).
The obtained data is represented schematically in Fig. 5.
The data required for input into the computer are presented in Table 1.
Schematic representation of the obtained data.
The designer so does not have adequate data for applying relation (4).
The obtained data is represented schematically in Fig. 5.
Online since: June 2020
Authors: Abdulwahab Giwa, John Olusoji Owolabi, Abdulkabir Olawale Gidado
This analysis is normally carried out using real-time data [5].
Table 2: Well data PVT DATA GOR (scf/stb) 312 Oil Gravity (API) 20.16 Gas Gravity (sp gravity) 0.6 water salinity (sp gravity) 1.00965 Down hole Data Measured depth (feet) Tubing Id (inches) Casing Id (inches) Xmas Tree 0 Tubing 9317 2.992 Casing 9330 6.366 IPR Data Reservoir Pressure (psig) 3577.42 Reservoir Temperature (deg F) 160 Water Cut (%) 0 Total GOR (scf/stb) 312 P.I (stb/day/psi) 3.2 Top node pressure (psig) 600 Also, equipment data were used in describing the flow in the tubing to deal with the production phase.
Figure 5: System summary 2.2.1 PVT modelling With the necessary system summary information inputted, the next thing considered was the PVT data set for the black oil model and then the test data by which the PVT test data were matched with the best fit correlation for the black oil.
Figure 11 shows the test data used for this purpose.
This allowed checking the consistency of VLP and IPR and whether there was any need to adjust in order to match the measured data, depending on the percentage difference in calculated liquid rate and bottom hole pressure with the measured data.
Table 2: Well data PVT DATA GOR (scf/stb) 312 Oil Gravity (API) 20.16 Gas Gravity (sp gravity) 0.6 water salinity (sp gravity) 1.00965 Down hole Data Measured depth (feet) Tubing Id (inches) Casing Id (inches) Xmas Tree 0 Tubing 9317 2.992 Casing 9330 6.366 IPR Data Reservoir Pressure (psig) 3577.42 Reservoir Temperature (deg F) 160 Water Cut (%) 0 Total GOR (scf/stb) 312 P.I (stb/day/psi) 3.2 Top node pressure (psig) 600 Also, equipment data were used in describing the flow in the tubing to deal with the production phase.
Figure 5: System summary 2.2.1 PVT modelling With the necessary system summary information inputted, the next thing considered was the PVT data set for the black oil model and then the test data by which the PVT test data were matched with the best fit correlation for the black oil.
Figure 11 shows the test data used for this purpose.
This allowed checking the consistency of VLP and IPR and whether there was any need to adjust in order to match the measured data, depending on the percentage difference in calculated liquid rate and bottom hole pressure with the measured data.
Online since: December 2012
Authors: Na Ma, Xiang Lou Gao
For enterprises, it is urgent to reduction the carbon emission.
However, these studies less to consider the problem of the supply chain carbon emissions reduction from the perspective of supply and demand game.
In this paper, we apply the marginal reduction the cost curve of China[13] data from EPPA[12], This is consistent with the reality.
Table 2 The value of m and β when the profit value of supplier and retailer are maximum m 0 0.5 1 2 β 0.4 0.5 0.55 0.6 Conclusion Finally, we get the conclusions via analyzing data and model. 1.Under the wholesale price contact, if no other constraints, supplier will shift the carbon abatement cost to retailer via the wholesale price contact ,so the profit of supplier and retailer are not influence by the carbon emission cost allocation between them. 2.
We get the optimal carbon reduction strategy for supply chain coordination via analysing model.
However, these studies less to consider the problem of the supply chain carbon emissions reduction from the perspective of supply and demand game.
In this paper, we apply the marginal reduction the cost curve of China[13] data from EPPA[12], This is consistent with the reality.
Table 2 The value of m and β when the profit value of supplier and retailer are maximum m 0 0.5 1 2 β 0.4 0.5 0.55 0.6 Conclusion Finally, we get the conclusions via analyzing data and model. 1.Under the wholesale price contact, if no other constraints, supplier will shift the carbon abatement cost to retailer via the wholesale price contact ,so the profit of supplier and retailer are not influence by the carbon emission cost allocation between them. 2.
We get the optimal carbon reduction strategy for supply chain coordination via analysing model.
Online since: December 2013
Authors: Jun Tao Wang, Jing Wei Liu, Xi Liu
Developed countries are urged to assume a substantial carbon emission reduction and to play an active role in honoring the Order of the funding and technology transfer in the REDD + action.
Thus, the REDD + mechanism is becoming an important issue in international climate change, and become an important part of the post-Kyoto international emissions reduction treaty.
The transparent problems referred that the reduction of emission could be reported, measurable, and verifiable.
We should adhere to the environment distributive justice, to implement developed countries mandatory emission reduction and developing countries voluntary mitigation action.
At the same time, developed countries should provide technologies to solve REDD + three issues such as satellite imagery, land use data, biomass data, land use change, deforestation push factors as well as socio-economic information on bio-carbon storage and establish the information system for carbon emission reference.
Thus, the REDD + mechanism is becoming an important issue in international climate change, and become an important part of the post-Kyoto international emissions reduction treaty.
The transparent problems referred that the reduction of emission could be reported, measurable, and verifiable.
We should adhere to the environment distributive justice, to implement developed countries mandatory emission reduction and developing countries voluntary mitigation action.
At the same time, developed countries should provide technologies to solve REDD + three issues such as satellite imagery, land use data, biomass data, land use change, deforestation push factors as well as socio-economic information on bio-carbon storage and establish the information system for carbon emission reference.
Online since: February 2020
Authors: Omrane Bouketir, Haddi Sebaa, Tarek Bouktir
While the second system is 12.66 kV, 100kVA with the following characteristics:
· 69 nodes and 68 branches;
· total system active load is 3801.3kW
· total active loss before installing DG systems is 224.95kW,
· minimum voltage of0.9092 at bus 65
Fig. 3 One line diagram of 33_bus system Fig. 4 One line diagram of 69_bus system
Results and Discussion
The networks data of the two systems (Fig3 and Fig 4) are the same data used in [18] and [19].
For the first case we see from Table 1 that the reduction in real losses becomes 37.05%.
For the first case we see from Table 2, that the reduction in real losses becomes 41.69% and the voltage deviation with respect to base case without DG is 0.049p.u.
In this study, three DG penetration levels with respect to the case without DGs were investigated; these levels were well compared in term of loss reduction and voltage improvement.
Lakshminarayana, Multiple DG Placements in Distribution System for Power Loss Reduction Using PSO Algorithm, Procedia Technology, 25(2016) 785-792
For the first case we see from Table 1 that the reduction in real losses becomes 37.05%.
For the first case we see from Table 2, that the reduction in real losses becomes 41.69% and the voltage deviation with respect to base case without DG is 0.049p.u.
In this study, three DG penetration levels with respect to the case without DGs were investigated; these levels were well compared in term of loss reduction and voltage improvement.
Lakshminarayana, Multiple DG Placements in Distribution System for Power Loss Reduction Using PSO Algorithm, Procedia Technology, 25(2016) 785-792
Online since: January 2022
Authors: Mohammed Sonebi, Said Bouzit, Mohammed Taha, Sofiane Amziane, Cinzia Buratti, Francesca Merli
Renovation of buildings plays a key role in energy savings and sustainable development; a growing interest is focused on insulating building materials, which allow a reduction of heat losses of thin envelopes, through a process of reduction of the heating and cooling demand.
Results and Discussion The thermal conductivity of the examined samples was 0.282 and 0.215 W/mK for specimens without and with cork, respectively; data show a significant difference, with the value for the plaster mixed with cork 24% lower than the pure gypsum plaster.
The insertion of cork in the plaster led to a reduction in density with respect to reference plaster.
The proposed material mixed with cork is a promising solution in building applications, allowing a reduction of thermal loads and energy consumptions, a reduction in structures weight (density decreases by 8-16%), and the production of sustainable solutions which incorporate natural and waste materials.
[13] JCGM 100, GUM 1995 with minor corrections evaluation of measurement data—guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement, 2008
Results and Discussion The thermal conductivity of the examined samples was 0.282 and 0.215 W/mK for specimens without and with cork, respectively; data show a significant difference, with the value for the plaster mixed with cork 24% lower than the pure gypsum plaster.
The insertion of cork in the plaster led to a reduction in density with respect to reference plaster.
The proposed material mixed with cork is a promising solution in building applications, allowing a reduction of thermal loads and energy consumptions, a reduction in structures weight (density decreases by 8-16%), and the production of sustainable solutions which incorporate natural and waste materials.
[13] JCGM 100, GUM 1995 with minor corrections evaluation of measurement data—guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement, 2008
Online since: August 2019
Authors: Mochammad Zainuri, Darminto Darminto, Zaenal Arifin, Eka Suarso, Anna Zakiyatul Laila, Firsta Agung Setyawan
The analysis of data from XRD was done using the Match!
Fig. 1 XRD patterns of LFP prepared at temperature variations of 600oC, 650oC, and 700oC According to the results of XRD patterns analysis, the peak shape can be used as qualitative data, where wide peaks with high intensity indicate a smaller size of crystals.
The XRD data analysis is shown in Table 1.
The rGO was made from old coconut shell through thermal reduction at 400oC followed by mechanical exfoliation.
Metselaar, The green reduction of graphene oxide, RSC Adv. 6 (2016) 27807–27828
Fig. 1 XRD patterns of LFP prepared at temperature variations of 600oC, 650oC, and 700oC According to the results of XRD patterns analysis, the peak shape can be used as qualitative data, where wide peaks with high intensity indicate a smaller size of crystals.
The XRD data analysis is shown in Table 1.
The rGO was made from old coconut shell through thermal reduction at 400oC followed by mechanical exfoliation.
Metselaar, The green reduction of graphene oxide, RSC Adv. 6 (2016) 27807–27828
Online since: September 2013
Authors: Ting Li, Zhi Gang Zhang, Lu Tao Zhao
Carbon market risk directly affects the investor confidence and emission reduction results.
Empirical study In this paper, the portfolio risk of the future value in carbon market are estimated, the data we studied are two series of future value in the same historical times.
On the base of assuming the weights of these two are equal, the portfolio risk could be calculated to tell which model is better by comparing with the real data.
Because of the lack of data of dec12 on Dec 26 2007, the data on that day of dec11 is omitted.
Finally total 1189 groups of data is considered.
Empirical study In this paper, the portfolio risk of the future value in carbon market are estimated, the data we studied are two series of future value in the same historical times.
On the base of assuming the weights of these two are equal, the portfolio risk could be calculated to tell which model is better by comparing with the real data.
Because of the lack of data of dec12 on Dec 26 2007, the data on that day of dec11 is omitted.
Finally total 1189 groups of data is considered.
Online since: July 2014
Authors: T.P. Singh, Vijaykumar S. Jatti
Kumar et al. [6] used cryogenic treated copper electrodes to perform experiments in order to evaluate the machining efficiency of additive powder mixed electro discharge machining of Inconel 718 and observed significant reduction in tool wear rate and wear ratio.
Cryogenic treatments could cause growth of grains in microstructure of alloy and this phenomenon resulted in reduction of grain boundaries and thus reduction in electrical resistivity.
Based on data means, there is an increase in MRR for treated workpiece by 19%.
On the other hand, melting point of a material can decrease by reduction in hardness, which can be result of a cryogenic treatment and the reduction in melting point will increase MRR by electrical sparks [11].
According to data means, tool wear rate increases with gap current.
Cryogenic treatments could cause growth of grains in microstructure of alloy and this phenomenon resulted in reduction of grain boundaries and thus reduction in electrical resistivity.
Based on data means, there is an increase in MRR for treated workpiece by 19%.
On the other hand, melting point of a material can decrease by reduction in hardness, which can be result of a cryogenic treatment and the reduction in melting point will increase MRR by electrical sparks [11].
According to data means, tool wear rate increases with gap current.