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(a) Schematic diagram of friction tester (b) experimental equipment Fig. 5 Friction tester (a) No lubricant (b) graphite lubricant Fig. 6 Friction coefficient for different temperature Application to Cylindrical Deep Drawing Process The FEM software DEFORM-3D [6] has been applied to simulate the plastic flow of materials during the deep drawing process.
Most of the material models require detailed material properties such as young’s modulus of elasticity, strain hardening exponent, anisotropy coefficient and strength coefficient, etc., as input to preprocessor.
In addition to material properties, preprocessor also require input of detailed process parameters such as friction coefficient, punch velocity, blank holding force, sheet thickness, etc.
Hsu: Materials Science Forum, Vol.532-533 (2006), p.865
Riedel: Journal of Materials Research, Vol. 55 (2007), p. 867

The knowledge of the influence of the properties of the F and AF layer materials on the exchange bias field magnitude is important for design of the devices with the required characteristics.
Here we report on our investigation of exchange bias, uniaxial anisotropy and intrinsic resonance field in F/AF structures for different AF and F layer materials.
This method is used for investigation of high-frequency properties of ferromagnetic materials [2], their anisotropy and saturation magnetization [3].The FMR method can be also effectively used for exchange bias phenomenon investigation [4,5].
Thus we have shown that properties of both, F and AF layer materials, affect the exchange bias magnitude and blocking temperature.
Konstantinova, Journal of Physics: Conference series, (2011), in print

Experimental Details Materials.
Tests were conducted on four sets of specimens differing in the material.
Acknowledgements This outcome has been achieved with the financial support of the Czech Science Foundation, project GA CR 13-18870S.
Plšková, The effect of concrete quality on the acoustic emission parameters during three-point bending fracture test, Advanced Materials Research. 897 (2014) 149–152
Zhao, Comparison between the double-K fracture model and the two parameter fracture model, Otto-Graf-Journal. 14 (2003) 131–157

Microstructural investigations of nickel-based superalloys with different structure Maciej Pytel1,a, Andrzej Nowotnik1,b, Dariusz Szeliga1,c and Jan Sieniawski1,d 1 Research and Development Laboratory for Aerospace Materials 1 Department of Materials Science Rzeszow University of Technology, Powstancow Warszawy 12, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland ampytel@prz.edu.pl, bnowotnik@prz.edu.pl, cdszeliga@prz.edu.pl, djansien@prz.edu.pl Keywords: Superalloys, Bridgman method, directionally solidification, electron microscopy, metallography.
Introduction Nowadays, the most widely used construction material for highly loaded parts of a hot air engine are still nickel superalloys.
These factors make it necessary to use layers and protective coatings on the substrate material.
Jarczyk, The influence of the radiation baffle on predicted temperature gradient in single crystal CMSX-4 castings, International Journal of Metalcasting. 3 (2013) 17-23
Pollock, Thermal analysis of the bridgman and liquid-metal-cooled directional solidification investment casting processes, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A. 38 (2007) 871-882

The traditional drilling method can no longer meet the demand, so several new technologies, such as, electric discharge machining (EDM), electron beam machining (EBM), electrochemistry machining, laser machining, have been used to produce the micro-holes, among which stands out the laser drilling technology, for its prominent advantages: 1) it can drill on almost all materials; 2) high efficiency; 3)non- pollution; 4)easy to control; 5) it can drill holes with higher aspect ratio[3].
The crystal structure of recast material is different from the base material, so their ability to resist etching should be different as well.
CuSO4 has the function to protect base material and FeCl3 is added to accelerate the etching[7].
This chemical solution has the function to eliminate recast layer while protect the base material.
Journal of Engineering Manufacture, Vol. 214(7) (2000), p. 521-527

Auto-adaptive Heat Source Model for Numerical Analysis of Friction Stir Welding Hong-ke Li 1, a, Qing-yu Shi 1, b , Ting Li 1, c, Wei Wang 1, d 1 Department of Mechanical Engineering Tsinghua University, Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials Processing Technology Ministry of Education ,Beijing, P.
During FSW, the localized heat, generated by friction between tool and workpiece, softens the material around the probe.
Material Properties.
Material properties such as heat conduction, specific heat and yield stress were all temperature dependent.
Thermal and thermo mechanical modeling of friction stir welding of aluminum alloy 6061-T6, Journal of Materials Processing & Manufacturing Science,1998,6(7): 215-233

Kurzydlowski1, c 1Faculty of Materials Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Woloska 141, 02-507 Warsaw, Poland 2University Research Centre "Functional Materials", Warsaw University of Technology, Woloska 141, 02-507 Warsaw, Poland ajuliaferenc@wp.pl, bhuba@inmat.pw.edu.pl, cKJK@inmat.pw.edu.pl Keywords: investment casting, ceramic slurry, rheology, rheology modifiers, viscosity Abstract.
One of the materials meeting the above given conditions for the first layers is Al2O3 powder with water binder based on colloidal silica.
Acknowledgment The study was conducted within the framework of the research project number PBZ-MNiSW-03/I/2007, financed by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education.
Kurzydłowski: Journal of Engineering Manufacture, Vol. 223 (B11) (2009), p. 1417 - 1421 [2] A.
(Publisher: The Institute of Materials 1995)

Brief Description of RFPA2D and the Model Setup RFPA2D code [4, 5], can be used to model the observed evolution of damage or crack initiation, propagation and coalescence in brittle materials by allowing the linear elastic elements to fail in a brittle manner.
Geo-material Failure Process Analysis is a powerful tool to study the fracture behavior in stiffed clay.
Acknowledgements The work described in this paper was partially supported by grants from the Research Grants Council of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Government, China (Project No. 9041002-560 and CityU 1178/03E) and partially supported by the China National Natural Science Foundation (Grant No. 50504005 and 50504003).
References [1] Bjerrum, L.: Progressive Failure in Slopes of Overconsolidated Plastic Clay and Clay Shales, Journal of the Soil Mechanics and Foundations Division, ASCE, 1967,Vol. 93, pp.1-49
[3] Vallejo, L.E., and Pramono, E.: Development of Fracture Regions in Brittle Materials, Proceedings of the 25th Symposium on Rock Mechanics, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, 1984, pp.47-54

Introduction The bioactivity of bone-bonding materials is thought to be closely related to the formation of a direct bonded biological apatite layer [1].
SBF was first used to mimic biological calcification to study bioactive materials during early bone-formation.
Later it was also used inversely, evaluating the possible bioactivity of materials by their calcifying behaviour in SBF.
Also, we can determine whether the dissolution of coating species plays a role in the nucleation of a CaP precipitate, similar to what has been suggested for more soluble CaP phases [7]. 2 Title of Publication (to be inserted by the publisher) Materials and Methods Coatings.
Thus Ca and PO4 coverages are much lower for the inert materials and the Ca/P ratio is much higher.

They are also used specifically in the automotive sector because composite materials offer higher strength-to-weight ratio.
Applied Mechanics and Materials 465 (2014) 1324-1328
Materials and Design 50 (2013) 750-756
Review of low velocity impact properties of composite materials.
Journal of Impact Engineering 35 (2008) 80-97