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Moreover, a clear distinction between the AE outputs of specimens with different failure modes, in both SRG- and GFRP-strengthened specimens, is found which allows characterizing the debonding failure mode based on acoustic emission data.
These emissions are detected on the material’s surface by means of piezoelectric transducers, pre-amplified, filtered and amplified before being sent to the data logger.
Instead of the seismic b-value, an improved b-value (Ib-value), in which the number of AE data taken into account is set before calculation, is usually applied for AE applications in concrete and rock.
A slight 6% reduction of the average maximum debonding force was observed in GFRP-strengthened brick specimens after exposure to environmental conditions, which contrasts with a significant 27% reduction for SRG-strengthened brick specimens.
The AE data, and more specifically the detected AE energy, was found to be in correlation with the failure mode in both type of specimens.

The heating process on synthesis makes the reduction particle size smaller.
The reduction performance of a reducing agent can be seen based on reaction time.
Faster reduction times show greater reduction performance because it can interact more easily with silver ions and reduce them to AgNPs in a shorter time.
Aggregation causes the measured particle size on the PSA to be greater so that Brownian motion slows and the size that emerges from the PSA will be larger than the original size so that when aggregation occurs on nanoparticles, PSA data will usually be greater than the TEM analysis.
Abdullah, Khaerurijjal, Characterization of nanomaterials: Theory, application, and processing of data, Sustenance Putera, Bandung, 2009

The obtained data mean that Curie temperature of the Ni nanogranules is lower then 298 K.
Caused by a change of the conductivity mechanism there is a relatively sharp reduction of composites resistivity at insignificant increase of metal concentration in this region of compositions.
The calculation of interplanar spacing from the electron diffraction data (and also the comparison of composites electron diffraction with various nickel content) allows asserting with a high share of probability that two crystal phases: Ni and MgO exist in the Niх(MgO)100-x composites.
As a result of these two types of percolation the reduction of the magnetoresistivity down to complete disappearance takes place.

Data presented include hardening behavior values and various electron microscopy techniques using conventional TEM to document subsequent precipitate sequence distributions and general kinetics.
The materials were in the form of T-profile extrusions, which had been extruded utilizing a reduction ratio of approximately 40:1, followed by solution heat-treatment and quenching.
In the case of AA2099, the material was limited to approximately 33% reduction due to edge cracking.
Age hardening data at 155 oC. drop in hardness within the first few minutes of aging, and the magnitude of this softening appears higher in the unstrained samples.
The reduction in hardness observed in the first 6 minutes of isothermal aging (110 Hv) is the result of this dissolution process.

For data retrieval purposes, weight calculations are used in Autodesk Inventor.
Thus, weight reduction must be made to increase battery life, especially in reducing the weight in the car body frame sector [4].
This reduction in structural weight is essential for possible improvements in bus design to achieve lower production costs and higher energy efficiency [4].
Left wall structure after modified Convergence Test Output The convergence test is used to confirm and prove that the car body bus analysis data taken from changing element dimensions is already in a convergent state, with element variations ranging in size from 15 mm to 11 mm.
This reduction in structural weight is critical to enable bus designs to achieve lower production costs and also higher energy efficiency.

The theory and algorithm is successfully tested with data sets from a real wind turbine and with data from a laboratory model.
The simulated damage extent was a reduction of the stiffness in the mentioned element of 1, 5, 10 and 25% (101 data sets for each damage level).
This reveals only the highest damage of 25% stiffness reduction.
The system was tested with the remaining 912 data sets.
Fuzzy clustering and data analysis toolbox.

Baseline can fix the configuration of product data at different stages, facilitate query and reuse data of each design stage, and ensure the data is traceable.
It provides a formal data standard that subsequent work has to follow.
Data of new parallel stage are managed as normal data.
The data control rules of parallel design process are given in Fig.4.
Several important issues, such as mechanism of data version control, configuration control, and data sharing, require further discussion and study.

Based on analyzing secondary data, the different transport modes are presented.
More secondary data should be used to validate the research in the future.
The profitability can enhance by effective management of the transport function, through cost reduction and service improvements.
Initially, the reduction in lead-time has to be making for a reduction in in-transit inventory, especially speedier.
This research is limited, since the possibility of the train route is to develop and without practice; the Eurasian Land Bridge is still under instruction; more secondary data should be used to validate the research in the future.

Hence, it becomes significant to develop a scientific approach to predict long-term durability on the basis of available data from lab and field to enhance public confidence in using GFRP bars.
By substituting log(365) as the value of x into “y=−0.1467x +1.1717”, tensile strength reduction ∆1 at T1 can be computed as equal to 0.205.
f ftd = f ftc · C’E= f ftc · [1 – (0.205 + 0.147 · log(DL · TSF)) · nH ] (3) Where, C’E is called environmental reduction factor (ERF) as similar to material factor in Canadian Codes [3,4].
For example, it will only take 0.27 month at 20°C to obtain the same strength reduction as compared to 1.0 month at 5.7 °C in April.
[6] Huang, J. and Aboutaha, R., “Environmental Reduction Factors for GFRP Bars Used as Concrete Reinforcement: New Scientific Approach,” J. of Composites for Construction, ASCE, Vol. 14, Issue 5 (2010), p.479-486

Optical and electrochemical data of 1 – 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 Abs (T) [nm] 392 429 434 416 408 415 Abs (D) [nm] 395 427 432 415 410 408 Em (T) [nm] 455 (482) 484 (517) 511 486 477 467 Em (D) [nm] 455 (482) 488 (517) 540-570 504 512 473 Abs (PS) [nm] 391 464 434 413 411 405 Em (PS) [nm] 496 506 528 519 523 586 Exc (PS) [nm] 399 453/462 440 404 399 394/468 1.
This solvatochromism is accompanied by a reduction of the efficiency of the emission.
A reduction of the alkyl-OPV 1 is hardly possible; an irreversible wave appears at –2.11 V.
On the other hand sulfonyl groups on the central rings of OPVs 3 and 4 strongly facilitate the reduction.
Exchange of six alkyl versus six sulfonyl groups shifts both, the first oxidation and reduction steps, about 0.5 V to higher potentials.