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Material property In the analysis, exhaust manifold uses compacted graphite iron RuT300.
Material and structure improvement In choosing material, the original cast iron usually used for the engine exhaust manifold can be changed into Si-Mo ductile iron which can work normally under high temperature.
Conclusion Simulated the working environment of auto engine exhaust manifold using finite element software ANSYS, calculated the temperature distribution of the manifold under steady-state thermal field; Through the thermal stress analysis, found the region most prone to have thermal stress centralization and fracture, conducted the failure analysis, found the reason of failure, gave corresponding solutions like improving structure and improving connecting materials.
Automobile Technology & Material, 2006(06)
Journal of Huazhong University of Science and Technology(Nature Science Edition), 2006(12)

After sintering, composite materials present lower porosity.
&anoStructured Materials, v. 10, n 2, p. 283-290, 1998 [2] U.U.
Suryanarayana, Mechanical alloying and milling, Progress in Materials Science Vol. 46 (2001), p. 1-184 [4] U.
In: Materiais - IV International Materials Symposyum, Porto, 2007 [5] R.
Journal of Alloys and Compounds.

Kulu1 1 Tallinn University of Technology, Department of Materials Engineering, 19086 Tallinn, Estonia 2 Tallinn University of Technology, Department of Materials Science, Ehiatajate tee 5, 19086, Tallinn, Estonia 3 Imec, Kapeldreef 75, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium 4 Instituut voor Kern- en Stralingsfysica, K.U.
The formation of such surface ripples has been reported for diverse materials using different surface processing methods such as ion beams [2] and scanning probes [3].
Acknowledgment The work was supported by the Estonian Science Foundation grant Nr. 8696.
Kulu, Tribological Properties of Conductive Boron Doped Nanocrystalline Diamond Films, International Conference on Diamond and Carbon Materials 2012, Granada, Spain
Xing, Friction and wear of synthetic diamond, International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials 17 (1999) 69-77.

SPCI9-2010 Egypt New Application of High Niobium Cast Iron as a Grain Refiner for Stainless Steels Hayato Sakaki1, Masayuki Mizumoto2 , Takeshi Ohgai3 and Akio Kagawa3,a 1 Graduate School, Nagasaki university, Japan 2 Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Iwate University, Japan 3 Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi,Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan a email : akagawa@nagasaki-u.ac.jp Keywords: High niobium cast iron, Grain refinement, Niobium carbide, Stainless steel Abstract.
Introduction Grain refinement is a well-known strengthening mechanism for metallic materials.
Mechanical properties, such as hardness, tensile strength and low cycle fatigue property, are improved by decreasing the grain size of materials [1-4].
This is a preferable mechanism because it is capable to improve mechanical properties without a significant change in the chemical composition of the materials.
transverse section Fig. 3 Microstructures of high niobium cast irons prepared from different starting materials.

Torralbac a Institute of Engineering Materials and Biomaterials, Silesian University of Technology, Konarskiego St. 18a, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland bMaterials Science and Engineering Department, ETSII, Universidad de Castilla La Mancha, Avda.
Nowosielski, Physical metallurgy and heat treatment of tool materials, WNT, Warszawa, 1990 (in Polish)
Wysiecki, Modern tool materials, WNT, Warszawa, 1997 (in Polish)
Goldenstein, International Materials Reviews, vol.46, No. 2 (2001) 1
Torralba, Journal of Materials Processing and Technology 157-158, 2004 s. 324-330

Setting the feature of material: According to the structural parameters, the material of XH2320 Gantry Milling machine column is HT250.
It aims at using minimum material to get the best function of the structure.
In the deep red area where the pseudo-density ρ≈{TTP}8776 1, the material should be kept; in the deep blue area where the pseudo-density ρ≈{TTP}8776 0, the material should be removed.
Acknowledgements The authors gratefully acknowledge the support provided by China Guangxi Natural Science Foundation (2010GXNSFD013003) and China Guangxi Science and Technology Project (0932143）.
(In Chinese) [4] Zhiquan Guo, Yankun Xu.Research on Structure Static and Dynamic Design Based on Fea of Machining Center Columns[J].Journal of Mechanical Strength,2006,28(2):281-291.

Computers and Electrical Engineering journal 99 (2022)
European Journal of Operational Research 301 (2022): 67-81
Applied Science 10(22).8300 (2020)
Applied Science 13 (2017)
Hal Open Science 7 (2008)

The most preferable materials are aluminium and stainless steels.
Cebon: Materials engineering, science, processing and design, (2nd Edition published by Butterworth-Heinmann an imprint of Elsevier, 2007)
Evans: The out-of-plane compressive behaviour of metallic honeycombs, Materials Science and Engineering A380 (2004) p. 272-280 [5] J.
Mazumder: Laser aided direct metal deposition of Inconel 625 superalloy: Microstructural evolution and thermal stability, Materials Science and Engineering A 509 (2009) p. 98–104 [7] K.J.R.
Molinari: True and apparent Young’s modulus in ferrous porous alloys, Materials Science and Engineering A260 (1999) p. 197–202

The FDM is able to produce prototypes from plastic materials, such as Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) or Polylactic acid (PLA).
Marloth “Effect of Layer Orientation on Mechanical Properties of Rapid Prototyped Samples” 2000, Materials and Manufacturing Processes
[5] Mohammad Shojib Hossain, David Espalin, Jorge Ramos, Mreye Perez, Ryan Wicker “ Improved Mechanical Propertie s of Fused Deposition Modeling - Manufactured Parts Through Build Parameter Modifications” 2014, Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering
Jounal of material processing technology169 (2005) 54-61
Journal of advance research (2011)

Study on the Response of Stud Shear Connectors Subjected to Different Loading Rate Zaigen MU, Xiangjie LI and Jubing ZHANG Department of Civil Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China e-mail: zgmu@ces.ustb.edu.cn Keywords: Loading Rate; low-cycle fatigue; load-slip curve; fitting parameters Abstract.
On the other hand, the stud is in a adiabatic condition, so the thermal softening of metallic material occurs, it can cut down the yield strength of the stud.
Acknowledgment The authors gratefully acknowledge support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China through grant 50878022.
This work is also supported by the grant 8082017 from the Beijing Municipal Natural Science Foundation.
Effects of shear connectors on plate-reinforced composite coupling beams of short and medium-length spans.Journal of Constructional Steel Research.2006, 62: 178-188