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Therefore, these materials are generally used as sensors and in optoelectronics.
The doping levels of these materials can be easily changed by chemical reactions with many gases at room temperature, and this provides a simple technique to detect the gases [2].
Intermolecular conductivity can be altered by changing doping levels of these materials.
Small polar molecules adsorb efficiently on the surface layer of organic semiconductor which is expected to increase the crystallinity of the material and decrease its electric resistance [5].
Turaeva, Eurasian ChemTech Journal, 5 (2003.), p. 109

This method takes into account the discreteness of components’ size, materials and load parameters and takes them as random input variables to assess the uncertain factors’ influence on the results of the analysis, quantitatively reflecting the knuckle failure probability.
R represents the structure's ability to withstand external loads, decided together by the material, structure, size and other parameters; S indicates the effect of structural loads, i.e. the loads caused by structural internal force and displacement.
Knuckle size parameters are regarded as known quantity, loads and material parameters as random input variables.
Spiliotis: Journal of Failure Analysis and Prevention, Vol. 9 (2009) No.4, pp.323-328
Una: Materials Science Forum, (2012) No.704, pp.240-244.

Experiment Material and Method Oil Painting.
Identical to the common 3D printing, molding precision and cross-section’s thickness are determined by the minimum thickness of the modeling materials.
White ink possess both tallest lightness and thickest ink-film, it is the best modeling materials for layered printing.
Zhang: Inverse Problems in Science & Engineering, Vol. 22(2014), p. 988-1001
Keith: Journal of Property Tax Assessment & Administration, Vol. 5(2008), p. 55-69.

Generally, the anode materials must meet the following basic requirements: good electrical conductivity, good corrosion resistance, good mechanical strength and processability, long service life and low cost, good electro-catalytic property in electrode reaction.
Small amounts of Ag alloyed with Pb can decrease the oxygen overvoltage and increase the corrosion resistance of material.
Acknowledgements This work was financially supported by the Science and Technology Project of Guizhou Province under grant No.
Prengaman: Journal of Metals Vol. (2006), p. 28 [4] M.
Siegmund, TMS(The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society), (2000), p. 589 [6] W.

Introduction The low velocity impact on composites materials can cause various types of damages including delaminations, fibre breakage, matrix cracking and debonding between fibre and matrix.
Material and Experimental Procedure Composite laminates were prepared in the laboratory from high strength unidirectional carbon prepreg "TEXIPREG HS 160 REM" and processed in agreement with the manufacturer recommendation.
Moreover, two adjacent laminate having different fibre angles induce extensional and bending stiffness mismatching which, combined with the low strength of the matrix, make composite materials very sensitive to delamination at those interfaces.
Eui-Jin: Journal of Composite Materials Vol.26 (1992), p. 2247
Gonçalves: Composites Science and Technology Vol. 64 (2004), p. 1021.

Introduction In recent years optical full-field measuring techniques are increasingly being used in research and industry as development and design tools for improved characterization of materials and components.
Out of the contour and displacement measurement, the image correlation technique provides material parameters far into the range of plastic deformation.
Car bonnet frame structure The objects measured in this test are car bonnet frame structures made of fiber reinforced thermoplastic composite material (polyamide (PA)).
Using this and the material parameter the mode shapes are calculated using the NASTRAN software package.
Journal of Sound and Vibration, 330(8), 1599–1620(2011).

Fe sheath was considered as one of suitable materials however hard it is.
From x-ray analysis, interaction between the constituents of precursor powder and the sheath material can also be excluded.
Acknowledge This work was partially supported by National Natural Science Foundation project (contract No. 50472099) and National Basic Research Program of China (contract No. 2006CB601004).
Conf. on Superconductivity, CMR & Related Materials: Novel Trends (SCRM2002), Giens, France, 1-8 June 2002 [2] A.
Schultz, JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS 97, 056105(2005), pp.1-3

The Al alloy material is used to make automotive engine cylinder block (see Fig. 1) and even lightens the vehicle's weight, thus, the demand of Al alloy automotive engine cylinder is large.
Fig.1 3D modeling of cylinder block Under the pressure of price rising of raw materials, compare to resin sand process, we should find a process with relatively lower cost and better quality to improve profit margins of cylinder becomes extremely important.
The parting surface must be tight to feed materials evenly, shorten the forming period, control cooling time and velocity.
Vacuum degree depends on the casting quality, wall thickness and the alloy materials.
Journal of Industrial Technology.

A Novel Spray Deposition Technology for the Preparation of Aluminum Alloy and Aluminum Alloy Matrix Composite Rings with Large Dimensions Chen Zhenhua a , Teng Jie b , Yan Hongge c, Chen Gang d School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P.R.China b tengjie1312@hnu.cn Keywords: Spray Deposition, Aluminum Alloy, Composite, Ring Abstract.
Some technological difficulties such as the inferior filling capability of the melt into the ring model, the coarse and segregated microstructure, the high inner stress and the lower usage efficiency of raw materials, exist in the production of these rings via the conventional casting processes or by forging ingots followed by the chipping process.
Experimental Details Material Preparation.
Reference [1] J.Zhou, J.Duszczyk and B.M.Korevaar: J.Mater.Sci Vol.26 (1991), p.3041 [2] Chen Zhenhua, Huang Peiyun, Jiang Xiangyang, et al: The Chinese Journal of Nonferrous Metals (in Chinese) Vol.5 (1995), p.69 [3] A.T.
Zhang: Metallurgical and Materials Transaction A Vol.25A (1994), p. 969 [4] J.Yang, et al: Scripta metall. mater Vol.39 (1991), p.1863 [5] Wu.

Dissolution Behavior of Submicron Biphasic Tricalcium Phosphate Powders Ruibing Wang1,a, Wenjian Weng 1,a* , Xuliang Deng2, b * , Kui Cheng1, c , Xinggang Liu2,b, Piyi Du 1,d , Ge Shen 1,e, Gaorong Han1,f , 1 Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China 2 Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China awengwj@zju.edu.cn, bdengxuliang@hotmail.com, c chengkui@gmail.com, didupy@zju.edu.cn, e sg@zju.edu.cn, fhgr@zju.edu.cn Keywords: Tricalcium phosphate, biphasic powders, submicron size, dissolution behavior Abstract: Submicron α-tricalcium phosphate (α-TCP), β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) and biphasic α/β-TCP powders were prepared by an amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) precursor way.
If α-TCP is combined with β-TCP to form a biphasic α/β-TCP, the biphasic material could have an optimized reaction kinetic to control a dissolution-reprecipitation behavior, attaining desired ion releases or morphological variations required for bone formation.
Materials and Methods ACP powders were obtained by taking a reaction in aqueous Na3PO4·12H2O-CaCl2-poly (ethylene glycol) system, washing and freeze-drying the resulting precipitates.
Jemal: Journal of Materials Chemistry, Vol.13(2003), p.888