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The 180̊ out-of-phase jet configuration exhibits higher cooling performance compared to the in-phase jet configuration in terms of the reduction in the maximum temperature in the silicon wafer.
Instantaneous temperature contour plots (xy plane) of in-phase: (i) t” = 10 and out-of-phase: (ii) t” = 10 After running the transient analysis for 40 cycles for both cases, a set of data on the maximum temperature in the silicon wafer after each cycle was obtained and temperature history of the maximum temperature in the silicon wafer is shown in Fig. 4.
At the end of the 40th cycle, the temperature reductions for both in-phase and out-of-phase jet configurations are 24.3K and 28.3K, respectively.
The 180 out-of-phase jet configuration has higher cooling performance and has shown additional 4K temperature reduction in the silicon wafer.

The environmental awareness and potential cost reduction have promoted the recycling of materials in civil engineering.
If the removed old sleepers were directly recycled, and used on-site as a material supporting the embankments or improving the subsoil, there would be another cost reduction due to elimination of transport.
This material can be then used as a binder which would bring a significant cost reduction, since the material is only ground and does not require any high-temperature curing (firing) such as conventional Portland cement, which has to be burnt at the temperatures exceeding 1400°C [4].
It is obvious from the measured data that a higher bending and compressive strength can be reached if the recycled concrete samples are cured under water (recycled cement B), see Tab. 1.

Step 2: read distribution system data.
The system data including loads and line impedances can be found in [7].
The optimal location and size of the unity power factor DG in the IEEE 33-bus system Particulars Analytical [8] PSO [9] GA [10] BFOA Optimal Location for DG Placement Bus 6 Bus 12 Bus 6 Bus 6 Optimal DG Size (MVA) 2.49 2.4939 2.38 2.5862 Base case Loss (kW) 211.20 221.43 216.00 202.69 Loss with DG (kW) 111.24 116.26 132.64 103.98 Loss Saving (kW) 99.96 105.16 83.36 98.71 Percentage Loss Reduction 47.33 47.49 35.59 48.70 The voltage constraints taken in this case are ±5%.
Due to slightly different values of losses from the different works, the comparison is made by using the percentage of loss reduction.
Wu, Network reconfiguration in distribution systems for loss reduction and load balancing, IEEE Trans. on Power Del. 4 (1989) 1401-1407

Fig.1 Specimen A-30° Fig.2 Specimen B-40° Fig.3 Specimen C-45° Test Equipment and Test Method Experimental modal analysis technique is used to obtain the system input (excitation), the system dynamic parameters or the system output (response) data by the vibration sensor, signal acquisition, analysis equipment and computers.
Then the signal was input to net data acquisition instrument WS-5921.
This means that when the FO of the laminates is larger, the role of reduction vibration loads is more significant.
From the analysis above, it can be concluded that for the composite laminates with large FO, the performance of amplitude reduction, vibration absorption and energy dissipation are better.
When the FO of laminated composites is larger, the damping is larger, the performance of amplitude reduction, vibration absorption, and energy dissipation are all better.

On-road tests are being used to obtain the transient data of operating conditions and emissions from the vehicle, and it can support on-road data for simulation study and emission characteristics analysis [5].
Bu10 leads to a significant reduction of CO emission on different stretches [6].
Bu10 leads to a significant reduction of CO emission.
B10 has a slight effect on reduction of CO emission

             −= tD x erfCC d o 2 1                 −−= tD x erfCCDxCCZ d od d od 2 1 ),,,(                 −−+ ∂ ∂ + ∂ ∂ + ∂ ∂ + ∂ ∂ ≈ tD x erfCCD D Z x x Z C C Z C C Z DxCCZ d o dd meand mean o meano d meand d od µ µ µ µ , , , ),,,( 2 1 meand d mean meano o meand d D Z D x Z x C Z C C Z C ∂ ∂ − ∂ ∂ − ∂ ∂ − ∂ ∂ − µ µ µ µ , , , , k u k u kT u k kkT u k P PP uZuP u )(− = +1 T n k u u Z u Z u Z P       ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ = ,,, L 21 ** ** ** u T u T u T PP uP uu −==β ** * u T u T u PP P −=α 5 6 7 8 9 10 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 Failure Probability, Pf Cover Depth (cm) MV FOSM AFOSM MCS 65 years 100 years 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 φ, γ = 1+ α β δ Reduction
If the sensitivity is calculated, the partial safety factor, which is used as resistance reduction or load amplification factors in Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD), can be obtained.
Therefore, the reduction of difference between designed and in-situ cover depth is an important factor to decrease the possibility of corrosion initiation.
The critical chloride concentration, 1.2 kg/m 3, proposed in Korea concrete standard specification is based on hundreds of experimental data and is adopted to guarantee failure probability less than 10 percent.
As shown in Fig. 5, the cover depth on the basis of experimental data is 4 to 6 mm smaller than that based on ordinary values.

Only 10% reduction in vehicle weight, the reduction object can be achieved in decreasing fuel of between 0.3 and 0.5L / 100km.
In comparison with traditional material, magnesium alloy can offer a high level of weight reduction and has high specific strength, good castability (especially on die cast), good machineablity, and reclamation.
Tensile displacement was measured by two extensometers, and all time-strain-temperature data were recorded by a computer data-acquisition system.

Since most of currently used vibration-based structural damage detection methods operate with structural response data recorded before and after the occurrence of structural damage, they cannot be used to detect damage event on line and find out when the damage event occurs.
Principles of Wavelet Transform Wavelets have been applied to a number of areas, including data compression, image processing and time-frequency spectral estimation.
It is found that the frequency reduction due to 40% reduction of EA in a single member is quite small with a maximum reduction no more than 0.7% in the first 10 natural frequencies.

Current researches on arch dam safety include overload method, strength reduction method and comprehensive method.
By overloading or reducing material strength, the limit equilibrium state of arch dam foundation system is judged with convergence criterion or abrupt change criterion [2], and multiples of overloading or of material strength reduction is the global safety factor of arch dam foundation system.
(5) In which E is plastic strain energy of dam foundation system; k is safety factor, i.e., overload factor or strength reduction factor; and f (k) is a 4 times polynomial function of variable k. so,
Fig.3 Relation between plastic strain energy and overload factor In order to use cusp catastrophe model, according to the data before k=2.75, the fitting polynomial (6) becomes , (11) and corresponding standard potential function of cusp catastrophe model is
According to the data before k=3.0, we have, , (13) , (14) and

Tumor types, in respect of which encouraging results of treatment with fast neutrons have been published, but the data are still preliminary and need to be confirmed by randomized clinical trials (tumors of the rectum, bronchus, bladder, bone, head and neck).
· Partial tumor regression (≥50% tumor reduction) was registered in 36.8% of patients
Poorly differentiated tumors demonstrated the highest sensitivity to fast neutron therapy (50% of tumors had ≥50% tumor reduction).
Patients with fiber-, angio- rhabdomyosarcomas had ≤ 50% tumor reduction or stable disease after fast neutron therapy.
The obtained data on morphological changes in the tumor and surrounding normal tissues occurring under the influence of fast neutron therapy at an isoeffective dose of 40 Gy was one of the arguments for the decision on feasibility of applying this type of radiation as preoperative therapy.