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The polycrystal material can be considered as a mixture of materials in grain region and grain-boundary region.
Thus the total flow stress is a combination of the flow stresses of materials in these two regions.
Eckstein: Journal of Materials Processing Technology Vol. 125-126 (2002), p 35-44
Theiler: Journal of Materials Processing Technology Vol.151 (2004), p.70–79
Pantleon: Materials Science and Engineering A Vol. 319-321(2001), p 237–241.

Preparation of Mg-Cu-Y and Mg-Ni-Gd based amorphous brazing material Cao Mei-qing, Xie Kun College of Material Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong, China 266510 Email:cmqlysh@126.com Keywords: amorphism, rapid solidification, glass formation ability, melting feature.
Abstract: Several Mg-Cu-Y and Mg-Ni-Gd based amorphous brazing materials were prepared by means of rapid solidification.
The raw materials were weighted and put in a clean container.
A: Journal of Non-Crystal-line Solids.
[9] Inouea, Zhang T: Materials Science and Engineering. 1997, A 226-228, p. 393.

This paper deals with a mathematical model able to describe the presence of lattice defects of crystalline materials such as dislocations and disclinations.
Introduction The plastic deformability of metals, which are crystalline materials, is produced by the lattice defects existing at the micro level, see Kröner [7].
References [1] Cleja-Ţigoiu, S., Material forces in finite elasto-plasticity with continReferencesuously distributed dislocations, International Journal of Fracture, 147, 2007, 67
[2] Cleja-Ţigoiu, S., Elasto-plastic materials with lattice defects modeled by second order deformations with non-zero curvature, International Journal of Fracture, 166, 2010, 61
[4] de Wit, R., A view of the relation between the continuum theory of lattice defects and nonEuclidean geometry in the linear approximation, International Journal of Engineering Sciences, 19, 1981, 1025

Namba: Key Engineering Materials Vol. 381-382 (2008), pp:105-108 [5] K.
Ren: Journal of Inorgaric Materials (4) (1996) , pp: 658-664 [8] B.
Key Engineering Materials, Vol. 329 (2007), pp: 45-50 [12] L.
Kato: Journal of Materials Processing Technology, Vol.162-163 (2005), pp: 709-717 [14] B.
Yan and et al: Materials Science Forum Vol. 532-533 (2006), pp: 532-535

This paper introduced the optical principles and the preparation of raw materials used to composite transparent soil.
The main representative of foreign research results are: A1lersma etc[9] use the broken glass and fluid which has a corresponding refractive index as transparent medium to study shear stress distribution under conditions of materials; Konagai etc[10] studied the seismic loads using the above material under the stress of saturated dike.
Y Liu: Journal of China Coal Society,Vol.4.(2011),p.577(In chinese) [5] Y.H Chen, C.H Qi, X.Q Wang, L Chen: Advance in Science and Technology of Water Resource, Vol.6. (2011),p.67(In chinese) [6] M.X Wu.
Proc., Iutam Symposium on Deformation and Failure of Granular Materials,P.A.Vermeer and H.J.Luger, eds., A.A.
Applied research using transparent material with hydraulic properties similar to soil [J] Geotechnical Testing Journal, 1999, 22(3),: 266-270

Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 2019, 7.11: 6113-6119
Callister's materials science and engineering.
Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials, 2019, 32.11: 1566-1581
Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 2020, 9.6: 16367-16377
Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 213(9), pp.1484-1494.

Introduction The properties and behavior of materials at the nano-scale magnificently vary comparing with same materials at the micro and macro scales.
As sizes reduce into the nano-scale, materials show peculiar and interesting changes in their electric, optical, magnetic and chemical properties [1].
Sasaki, N.Koshizaki, Preparation of zinc oxide nanorods using pulsed laser ablation in water media at high temperature, Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 300 (2006), p.612–615
Husein, Erhan Akman and Arif Demir, Synthesis of Zirconia Nanoparticles in Distilled Water Solution by Laser Ablation Technique, Journal of Materials Science and Engineering B 3 (6) ( 2013), p.364-368
Baladi, effect of laser wavelength and ablation time on pulsed laser ablation synthesis of al nanoparticles in ethanol, 2nd International Conference on Ultrafine Grained & Nanostructured Materials UFGNSM) International Journal of Modern Physics: Conference Series Vol. 5 (2012), p.58–65

What’s more, if the features of two materials are different to a large degree, contact elements between the materials should be set.
[3] Zhu shiao, The Application of Geo-synthetic Materials, Beijing:Beijing Science and Technology Press, 1994
[10] XIANG Ke, LUO Feng, Reinforcing Material in Centrifugal Model Test, Chinese Journal of Underground Space and Engineering, 2007, 3(5) , pp.879-892
[12] Zhou Zhigang, Deng Jianlong, The Design Theory and Application of Geo-synthetic materials, Beijing:China Communication Press, 2001
[13] Sun Jin, Chi Jingkui, Cao Zhengkang, New Geo-materials and Engineering Renovation, Beijing:China Architecture and Building Press, 1998

Semenovskaya Street, 38, Moscow, Russia, 107023 bmorgunov56@mail.ru, ati@mami.ru, csbp47@mail.ru *corresponding author Keywords: Ultrasonic Machining with a Diamond-Impregnated Tool, Diamond-Impregnated Tools for Ultrasonic Machining, Composite Material, Ceramics Abstract: In conventional machining, the process of shaping of products from such new materials as alloys with special properties, composite materials and ceramic materials is rather challenged because of low ductility, intense hardness, diversity of physical and mechanical properties of definite components, etc.
In conventional machining, the processes of shaping of items from new constructional materials such as alloys with special properties, composite materials (CM) and ceramic materials is rather challenged because of low ductility, intense hardness, and a wide diversity of physical and mechanical properties of definite components [1,2] To solve the problem, physical-and-chemical methods and techniques based on different processes and mechanisms of material rupture are utilized on a wide scale [3].
Figure 2c illustrates the process of hole drilling with a solid tool in ultra-hard materials.
Norton, Ceramic materials, Science and Engineering,: Springer Science, New York, 2013
[3] Science filled technologies of machine building production, in: B.

The main reasons are: ● The disorder of the organization, management and use of materials lead to a large difference between the production gradation and design gradation.
Journal of Highway and Transportation Reseach andk Development，2001，18(6):20-24.
Journal of Tongji University(Natural Science)，2007，12(35):1621-1626.
Journal of Chang′an University(Natural Science Edition)，2006，26(3):96-99.
Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering，1998，10(2):76-85.