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To solve the loss reduction problem, the optimal operating condition is obtained when line losses are minimized.
From , we have (7) putting into , we get the CSA for solving the load phase balancing problem as follows: (8) Simulation Results The CSA is used to optimize the practical field data used in [1], where the loads were addressed in terms of currents.
The paper has shown through simulation results based on real practical data, that load balancing is achieved by the CSA and the total power loss is minimized.
Chiou, Distribution network reconfiguration for loss reduction by ant colony search algorithm, Electric Power Systems Research, vol. 75, pp. 190-199, 2005
Gil, A new heuristic approach for distribution systems loss reduction, Electric Power Systems Research, vol. 78, pp. 1953-1958, 2008

Suction three times of 5ml bacterial suspensions and inoculate into 3 flasks with 100ml liquid medium and 5mg/l Cr(VI) ions (The data showed strains grew better in liquid medium of 5mg/l Cr(VI) ions than 10mg/l and 20mg/l[3]).
Anylase the growth data of Cr(VI)-tolerant strains under 24h, the order of Cr(VI)-tolerance of all strains from high to low was: 2-5, 2-7, 2-2, 2-6, 2-4.
Results of the comparative study of all five bacterial strains for bioaccumulation of chromium showed signicant reduction of chromate (conc. 605 ppm) as compare to control (Cr(VI)-containing wastewater without inoculums).
With the treating time lasting, the Cr(VI) ions concentration had kept decreasing for biomass adsorption, immobilization and reduction process of bacteria.
According to Chen et al., after acclimatization it is possible that the activated sludge cannot only tolerate Cr(VI) presence, but also reduce Cr(VI) concentration by microbial reduction, accumulation or sorption[8].

Introduction The use of bacterially mediated sulphate reduction in Permeable Reactive Barriers (PRBs) is an alternative technique for the remediation of heavy metals polluted streams.
Subsequently ethanol was tested as electron donor for the sulphate-reduction, both in batch and in column experiments.
Difference between these values (25%) represents SO42 removal due to sulphate reduction.
Heavy metals were totally removed (data not here reported), confirming the ability of the selected mixture in sustaining SRB activity and removing metals both by bioprecipitation and biosorption. 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Pore Volume SO4 2- abatement (%)) output 9 output 5 output 1 Figure 1.
Experimental data from batch growth on starch showed 85 ± 1 % abatement of sulphates in 100 days with an almost constant decrease rate.

The basic reaction of the nickel reduction by hypophosphite is presented by equation: (1) The nickel ion reduction accompanied with hypophosphite reduction to the elemental phosphorus during reaction: (2) Thus, the electroless Ni coatings are naturally forms as the Ni-P alloys.
The information extracted from the XRD spectra, and the estimations obtained by these data concerning the structure and the phase composition of investigated films are shown in table 1.
This estimation is in rather good consistent with the phosphorus content obtained from XRD data (Table 1), which is an additional confirmation of the assumption that the fcc phase of Ni is formed as a separate layer.
Riddell, Nickel plating on steel by chemical reduction, J.

An example of consumption and its distribution in specific Slovak foundry producing gray cast iron from the data obtained for one year is shown in Fig. 1 [1].
Energy Consumption Reduction Procedures: 1.
Most effective practices [1,6,7]: - Reducing of product defects (evidence, analysis and measures required) - Reducing the gross weight of castings by reducing: · weight of feeders (exo and isothermal materials, optimization of feeders by using computer programs) · weight of gating system · by reducing the addition and processing of smaller holes (also contributing to thermal points) · the use of external and, in particular, internal chills (not widely used in practice) · reduction of casting weight by changing the material used with higher properties (especially mechanical) Reducing Power Consumption in Electric Induction Furnace (EIF).
On the basis of data from operational melts from the Slovak foundry, which were obtained over a one year period, the energy balance (losses) of the furnace (Eq. 1, Eq. 2) and melting in gray cast iron production in midfrequence induction crucible furnace (6 tons) with thyristor converter were calculated, Fig. 2 [1].
Loss reduction procedures: - Modernization of furnace electrical equipment (investments) - Melting process optimization - Optimization of sheet charge and loading, Fig. 3 Fig. 2 Energetic balance of cast iron melting in a midfrequence induction crucible furnace (6 tons) Fig. 3 Charging of a crucible furnace by a vibrating chute (a) and charge distribution according to size (b) - The highest density of the electromagnetic field is at the walls of the crucible (Fig. 4), to be the densest charge.

The Powder Cell 2.0 software was applied to index the peaks of experimental data to the respective crystalline planes of ZnO (JCPDS card n.° 36-1451).
Kinetic parameters of chemical reaction were estimated through the photocatalytic data.
On the other hand, Fig. 3 (B) shows reduction of Rhodamine B concentration for all assessed profiles.
For this case, it was observed reduction of values of the dye concentration as function of the time even though in low level compared to the other profiles.
There was a large reduction of consumed Oxygen levels in the samples after photocatalytic processes compared to the standard solution of Rhodamine B.

As a result of the optimized workflow, it is possible to foresee a 5% reduction in design time and a 23% reduction in execution time. 1.
Thus, the buildings will have solar panels to generate renewable energy and contribute to CO2 reduction.
Secondly, the BIM elements make the participants handle the same data simultaneously and help to have a detailed graphical representation of the project to detect incompatibilities in the project’s initial phase.
Then, together with this optimization proposal under VDC collaborative management, we have a time reduction ratio of 5% in the design and 23% in the execution of sanitary installations. 5.

At 30% reduction the prismatic texture has disappeared completely.
At 90% reduction a stable basal fiber texture is observed.
(i) type A; (ii) type D; (iii) type E Fig. 4b-i shows the microstructure at 30% reduction.
Two different initial textures: a basal and a prismatic fiber textures, generated out of 696 single orientations [8], were taken as input texture data corresponding to the experimental starting textures A and E, respectively.
The texture intensity increased with growing thickness reduction.

The factors affected the indoor light environment of dormitories were layers, orientations, weathers and gender differences through the analyses on original data.
Compared in the potential of energy saving and emission reduction and capital
(1) Compared in the potential of energy saving and emission reduction The comparing of the predict energy consumption and emission reduction of energy creation scheme with reference scheme, shown as Tab.3.
The rates of opening daylight lamp of different window orientations and Energy saving emission reduction are shown in Fig.7.
Chen: The statistics tell us the energy efficiency and emission reduction [J].

The percentage of power reduction is 73.9%.
The S/N ratio characteristics are divided into three categories as following: 1) Nominal is the best characteristics, (1) 2) Smaller the better characteristics, (2) 3) Larger the better characteristics, (3) Where is average of observed data, is variance of y, n is number of observations and y is observed data.
Number of observations is equal to one (n = 1) because only one data has been taken in the simulation.
This shows that the percentage of reduction is 73.9%.