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Before doing stress analysis, there need to add the following assumptions besides continuity, homogeneous, zero initial stress and zero volume force assumptions [6]: (1) Isotropic assumption: assume that the materials of ducts and its accessories are isotropic; (2) Assume that the influences of the insulation layer and the other leak detection apparatus on stress analysis can be ignored.
Material Properties The ducts are made of stainless steel with the model of CRES321 (A312 TP321), the density of ρ=7900kg/m3, and the Poisson ratio of ν=0.3; the material of lug is aluminum with the model of 2042 T42, the density of ρ=2800kg/m3, and the Poisson ratio of ν=0.33.
Influencing Factors Temperature and Pressure Thermal stress and compressive stress due to high temperature and pressure gas in ducts will affect the mechanical properties of the materials directly [9], thus affecting the natural vibration characteristics of the structure.
Analysis on Charicterastics of Fluid-structure Interaction for Fluid Conveying Pipes by ANSYS[J].Chinese Journal of Ship Research, 2007,2(5):55-57
Beijing: Science Press, 2004

The equivalent stress vs. equivalent strain curves obtained by in the present study (Fig. 2) do not differ appreciably from that observed in other similar materials, like AZ31 or ZM21 [9,11], even though lower strain to fracture are frequently observed (Fig. 3).
G.Rosen and ALUBIN (Israel) for providing the material, and Mr.
Barnett: Journal of Light Metals Vol. 1 (2001), p.167
Rosen: Key Engineering Materials Vol. 367 (2008), p.79
Evangelista, in Proc. 1st Jordanian International Conference of Materials Science and Engineering, S.

ABAQUS™ FEA solver along with a UMAT material model was used to create an appropriate simulation.
Liu, “Visulisation study and analysis on preform growth in polyethylene terephthalate stretch blow moulding”, Journal of Applied Polymer Science, vol. 103, no. 1, pp. 564-573, 2007 [2] G.
Marco, “Identification of a strain induced crystallisation model for PET under uni- and bi-axial loading: Influence of temperature dispersion”, Mechanics of Materials, vol. 39, issue 6, pp. 596-609, 2007 [6] S.
Bellet, “Experimental study and numerical simulation of the injection stretch/blow moulding process”, Polymer Engineering & Science, vol. 38, no. 9, 1399-1412, Sept 1998 [13] M.
Velay, “Optimization of preform temperature distribution for stretch-blow moulding of PET bottles: Infrared heating and blowing modelling”, Polymer Engineering & Science, vol. 49, no. 4, pp. 783-793, 2009

In order to study seismic behavior of double web-angle and top-seat-Angle connections, finite element methods, which included material, geometric and contact nonlinearity, were used to the model under cyclic loading.
When the grade and diameter of bolt were small, the bearing capacity of joint would be too little ,but caused for wasting of material.
Acknowledgements The work presented in this paper is supported by funds of Guangdong Provincial Department of Education (Grant No. 2012KJCX0084) ,and Science and Technology Project for Ministry of Construction,the People's Republic of China (Grant No. : 2012-k2-8; 2010-K3-33).
[9] Ming-zhong Wei,Guo-xin Dai, Steel Structure, (Chinese Wuhan University of Technology Press,2007) [10] Ai-guo Chen, Qiang Gu:Harbin Institute of Technology Journal, Chinese, Vol. 40(2008), p. 631.

It is found that drilling method, speed of rotation (SOR), material properties, and length of compression drillstring all can influence parametric resonance zones.
Apart from SOR and drilling method, other factors such as material properties, length of compression drillstring and so on can also influence parametric resonance zones.
Acknowledgements This work is supported by Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Equipment from Ministry of Education (2006STS02) and Science Foundation of Southwest Petroleum University.
Zhang: Chinese Journal of Applied Mechanics Vol. 17 (2000), p.128 Fig.3 Comparison of the 4th principal parametric resonance zones in air drilling. 0 100 200 300 400 500 0 200 400 600 mud drilling air drilling Pt (kN) P0 (kN) Fig.2 Comparison of the 4 th principal parametric resonance zones for SOR=80rpm. 0 100 200 300 400 500 0 100 200 300 400 N=60rpm N=80rpm Pt (kN) ∆P0 (kN) 0 100 200 300 400 500 200 400 600 800 N=60rpm N=80rpm Pt (kN) P0 (kN) ∆P0 (a) (b)

For brittle materials without joints, numerical studies have been implemented by a number of researchers using various numerical codes and models to simulate the processes of fracturing and fragmentation under blasting [7-19].
For each material, we design one sub-grid, thus, for the model shown in Fig. 1, there are two sub-grids for the materials of rock and TNT, and each sub-grid is discretized into a set of rectangular elements.
Rock Material Model.
Acknowledgements This work has been funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China, Grant No. 51074109, and the Major State Basic Research Project, Grant No. 2010CB732005.
Xie: Journal of Sichuan University Vol. 40 (2008), p. 13-21 (in Chinese)

The conditions of outdoor damage process on materials can be reproduced in a controlled environment at laboratory level.
It is possible to notice a loss of mass after 30 day of exposure and then the materials seems to be stable.
Some of the most easily observed changes are partial strength loss and loss in material density over time (Mass per unit area).
Jing-rong, Journal of Hydrodynamics, 23 (6):820-825, (2011) [3] N.
P.Sangam, Geotextiles and Geomembranes, 20, 77-95, (2002) [15] ASTM (1994), Annual Books of ASTM Standards, American Society Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

The difference between them consists in the number of material parameters needed as input data (four, six, seven and eight different parameters, respectively).
The integer exponent k depends on the crystallographic microstructure of the material: for BCC alloys and for FCC alloys.
Table 2 lists the biaxial material characteristics.
Akbarzadeh, An experimental and theoretical study on the prediction of forming limit diagrams using new BBC yield criteria and M–K analysis, Computational Materials Science 44 (2009) 1272-1280 [9] D.
Kuwabara, Advances in anisotropy and formability, International Journal of Material Forming 3 (2010) 165-189

Hydroxyapatite (HA) is a bioactive material that can provide good osteointegration and rapid bonding with the adjacent hard tissue [2].
Ti–6Al–4V is also well known for their potential as superplastic materials for applications in different areas including the aerospace, transportation and biomedical fields.
Superplastic materials are polycrystalline solids which have the ability to undergo large strains prior to failure.
Doremus: Journal of Biomedical Material Research Vol. 18 (1984), p. 719
Dahotre: Materials Science and Engineering R Vol. 66 (2009), p. 1

Nano-materials have been titled the most promising materials in 21 century by scientists.
In recent years, much attention has been paid to the applications of nano-materials in civil engineering, because nano-particles have many special properties such as huge specific surface area and high activity due to their small size.
Experiment Materials and mixture proportions The cement is P.O42.5.
Construction and Building Materials, 11(7-8)(1997), p383
Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 211(1999), p39