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The mechanical properties and wear resistance of the alloy are strongly dependent on chemical composition, properties of lubricants, load carrying capacity, thermal stability and the tendency to the formation of micro-cracks.
The main alloying addition is aluminium [3], its addition increases the castability, influences the size reduction of grains and improves the mechanical properties [5].
Copper addition improves the mechanical and tribological properties of the alloy, also increases the tendency of Zn-Al alloys to ageing and causes increase of the density of [3, 5].
Improvement of Zn-Al-Cu alloys properties can be obtained with heat treatment.
Hekimoglu, Effect of copper content on the mechanical and tribological properties of ZnAl27-based alloys.

THE GENERAL PROPERTIES OF HDPE ARE GIVEN IN TABLE 1 [2].
The new generation of polymers could be a choice for light structures and due to improvements of its mechanical properties especially in hard polymers; they can provide sufficient strength to be use in structures.
The safety factor was predicted to be 1.143.
D790-10, Standard Test Methods for Flexural Properties of Unreinforced and Reinforced Plastics and Electrical Insulating Materials (pp. 11): American Society of Testing Materials
Properties of Materials (Polyethylene & Polypropylene).

Analysis of variance (ANOVA) technique was used to find out the variables affecting the material removal rate.
The normalized factors are called coded factors.
In table 5 process factors are shown in terms of natural factors and their corresponding coded factors.
The parameters affecting the MRR were identified using ANOVA technique.
[6] Ting-Cheng Chang, Feng-Che Tsai, Jiuan-Hung Ke, Data mining and Taguchi method combination applied to the selection of discharge factors and the best interactive factor combination under multiple quality properties, Int J Adv Manuf Technol 31, 164–174, 2006

Metal fillers have become increasingly popular due to their favorable thermal conductivity, and chemical, mechanical, and physical properties.
By taking advantage of the resistance to corrosion and good mechanical properties of Cu-Zn-Al2O3 nanocomposite, the study of the UPR-Cu-Zn-Al2O3 nanocomposite processing and properties should be carried out.
Fractal characterization of electrical conductivity and mechanical properties of copper particulate polyester matrix composites using image processing.
An examination of microstructure, mechanical and dry wear properties of stir cast brass/Al2O3 composites.
Review of microstructures and properties of zinc Alloys.

Size and volume of the particle are among factors affecting mechanical properties.
In addition, this technique improves mechanical properties such as ultimate strength and elongation [10].
It was clearly seen that injection speed affects the flow ability of slurry while die pressure affects the dense of the cast.
The microstructure and hardness properties were investigated.
It was clearly seen that speed affects the flow ability of slurry while die pressure affects the dense of the cast. 3.

Therefore, the operational reliability of electric switch machine will affect the safety of the train traffic.
The scant displacement is an important constituent part of rail irregularities, which will force the wheel working direction to break, lead to big dynamic response of the train and impact the mechanical properties of locking hook. [9]According to the status of nose rail’s existing scant displacement, it is respectively taken as 0.0mm, 0.5mm, 1.0mm, 1.5mm, 2.0mm.
From the impact of nose rail’s scant displacement on the stress and deformation of lock hook, it mainly affects the first traction point.
The spacer isn’t in touch with the waist of nose rail after conversion due to its installation accuracy, when the train goes through the crossings, dynamic irregularities are generated to influence the mechanical properties of the lock hook. [10]When the nose rail conversion is accomplished, the gap is respectively taken as 0.0mm, 0.5mm, 1.0mm, 1.5mmand 2.0mm.
When a train goes through the crossings, the lateral force acts on the nose rail between two traction points or after the second traction point, the lock hook is forced due to the reverse deformation of nose rail, but it is slow down by the gap between nose rail and spacer so that the stress and deformation of lock hook decreases. ③Influence of lateral stiffness of fastener The lateral stiffness of fastener is one of the most important factors which affect the stress and deformation of nose rail.

Because of this hardly permeable rigid barrier, VIS presents more fantastic properties such as resistance against external mechanical loads and penetration of atmospheric gases and water vapor.
(a) Exterior perspective of VIS Evacuation valve Mash-screen Stainless envelope Core material (b) Sketch of the structure of VIS Fig.1 Structure of a VIS specimen Lower sheet Core materials Upper sheet Welding Evacuation Fig.2 Sketch of manufacturing process of a VIS specimen Capability of effective thermal insulation The equivalent thermal conductivity (λequ) of VIS is affected by two factors: the center-of-panel thermal conductivity (λcop) and the edge effects [6, 7].
Another notable property of VIS is that the rigid structure of VIS made them supportable of relatively high mechanical loads, it is testified that no element was damaged even with loads up to 90kN on an area of 100mm×100mm [6].
Mainly two factors are respondent for their service life: one is the core material; the other is the type and quality of barrier envelope.
On the one hand, high thermal performance is presented by resistance against gases; on the other hand, VIS can withstand relatively high mechanical loads, which greatly facilitates the use of VIS element in load-bearing structure.

Unexpected vibration may cause part or whole damage of the mechanical equipment or structural.
Vibration restricts dynamic mechanical properties, reliability and projected lifetime of the structure.
To ensure the normal operation of equipment or structures, vibration control has become one of the most important factors of the structure design.
Friction damper is set two sliding friction faces to gain the damping function of the mechanical device, in essence, the mechanical energy converts to heat energy.
[3] Lingxiao Quan, Xiangdong Kong et al: Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering.

Economic value of automobiles is a factor which is dominated by the speed and pickup of the vehicle.
Ergonomics 2.1 Initial design While designing the initial frame of car team has studied the various rules and considerations of formula race car 2.2 Manufacturability To reduce the time and money required for fabrication few changes were done like to replace welding by bending .such minor modification would help in improving the strength of the chassis as well as bringing down the time involved. 2.3 Material Selection Mainly the cage to be made with materials equivalent to the following specification: Steel members with at least equal bending stiffness and bending strength to 1010 steel & Tube Grade having a circular cross section with a 2.67 cm OD and a wall thickness of 3 mm (0.118 inch ) with Chemical Properties: C= 0.08-0.13;Mn=0.30-0.60 ; S= 0.05 (max); P=0.04 (max) .mechanical properties: Density (×1000 kg/m3) 7.7-8.03; Poisson's Ratio 0.27-0.3, Elastic Modulus (GPa) 190-210 ;Tensile Strength (Mpa) 365; Yield Strength (Mpa) 305 ; Elongation (%) 20; Reduction in Area (%
However the increase in Yield Strength affects the bending strength.
After considering 1.4 as factor of safety (FOS), design weight was taken as 490 Kg.
Therefore calculating the factor of safety as per the stress: 415 MPa / 47.9 MPa = 8.663, (FOS is greater than 5) Frame weightless than 80kg material: ASTM A106 grade B steel, round tubes used .Max width of roll cage : 800mm max length of the roll cage : 2400mm max height of the roll cage: 1160 mm. 3.1 Design Considerations Self weight of roll cage: 80 kg Other weights on roll cage: Engine: 80 Kg Transmission: 30 Kg Driver: 70 Kg Other weights: 90 KgTotal Weight = 350 Kg Design Weight = 490 Kg. 3.2 Design of roll cage Considering the all above factors such as initial condition, manufacturability and ergonomics the roll cage is design using the modeling software solid works.

Vibration Damping Properties of Nanotube-reinforced Materials Maksim Kireitseu1,2 1 Institute of mechanics and machine reliability Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Lesnoe 19 - 62, Minsk 223052 2 Department of Mechanical Engineering the University of Sheffield, the United Kingdom m.kireitseu@shef.ac.uk or main@tridentworld.com Keywords: composite, damping, vibrations, nanotube, polymer, spraying.
By invoking the properties of nanostructures, it may be possible to enhance the energy dissipation.
Small nanoparticle volume (up to 10% and up, if price drops) may greatly affect material's behaviour due to extreme nanoparticle properties over traditional materials [5-7].
Thermoplastic polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), polyamide and polyurethane granular particle powders (Dupont Plastics, USA) were used for comparison of the technology capabilities and mechanical properties due to nanoparticle reinforcement.
The material has excellent adhesion, shear strength and energy absorbing/damping properties over bulk materials.