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The specific data can are shown in the table 4-2 and figure 4-2.
Beijing: Metallurgical Industry Press,1999 [2] Charles J.Slag Splashing in the BOF — World wide status ,practices and results.Iron and steel Engineer,1996,73 (5) : 17 [3] R.K.Paramguru,H.S.Ray,and P.Basu.Kinetics of Reduction of ReO on CaO-SiO2-FeO Slag,partI,Reduction by Solute Carbon.Ironmaking and steelmaking,1996,23(4)：328 [4] R.K.Paramguru,H.S.Ray,and P.Basu.Kinetics of Reduction of ReO on CaO-SiO2-FeO Slag,part II,Reduction by Solute Carbon.Ironmaking and Steel making,1996,23(4):411 [5] R.K.Paramguru,H.S.Ray,and P.Basu.Some Kinetic aspects of Reduction of FeO inMolten Slags by Solute Carbon,ISIJ(The Iron and Steel Institute ofJapan),1997,37(8):756 [6] Yumin Liu.The application of slag splashing technology[J].Steel making,1997 , (6) :13 “in Chinese”

Table 2.Comparasion of gear design opimized results by MAIS Parameters / Material Traditional Trial Method Modified Artificial Immune System C-15* C-15 Alloy Steel Power (P) kW 22.50 22.67 23.10 Module (m) mm 5.00 4.75 4.50 Gear Thickness (b) mm 47.25 40.00 35.50 No. of teeth on pinion (Z1) 18 18 18 Centre Distance (a) mm 157.50 149.625 141.75 Gear Weight (kg) 17.11 13.07 11.93 Efficiency (%) 98.40 98.40 98.40 By varying all design parameters such as power, thickness, number of teeth and module, MAIS performs well and shows a huge reduction in gear weight.
For C-15 material, around 23.6% weight reduction and for Alloy steel around 30.3% weight reductions in comparison with the trial method.
It also shows better reduction of 10% in centre distance when compared with the existing design.
MAIS shows considerable reduction in weight in compared with trail method for both gear materials and also shows better results over power and center distance.
[12] Design Data Book, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, PSG College of Technology, India, 2008

The strain is based on the damage evolution, in the regime corresponding to reduction in the effective area of cross section.
The reduction in effective area is generally due to void growth at damage regime, but here it can be treated as material flow like thinning in diameter.
The fracture is caused due to reduction in area and shear type fracture along 45 degree with respect to the direction of loading is envisaged.
The reduction in area is treated as the damage propagation and is treated as a linear function with respect to the damage variable D.
As the functional relationship with fracture strain and other parameters are difficult to arrive, the influence trend may be judged based on experimental data.

At the initial time, when the natural gas flow rate decreases due to an increased temperature in the hearth, which is related to reduction in heat input for natural gas decomposition, Si content in hot metal hot metal increases.
After a certain time period equal to the time of one burden cycle in the furnace, we observe a decrease in heating of the lower zone due to increased direct reduction of iron oxides.
However, further on we observe a decrease in heating of the lower furnace zone and decrease in Si content due to a temperature drop in the furnace stack and increased direct reduction of iron oxides.
Numerical simulation on dynamic and static holdups of powder inside pre-reduction shaft furnace: Proc. the 6th Int. congress on the science and technology of ironmaking, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
Kubokochi, Development of process data control system in iron-making process, Transactions of the Iron and Steel Institute of Japan 23 (1982)

Although high-density polyethylene (HDPE) has already been extensively studied, this did not happen with low-density polyethylene (LDPE), which makes the present investigation an essential work for understanding the possible changes that can occur to LDPE due to exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation at different times, providing data about its useful life [2-5].
It can still be seen that the crystallinity percentage presented a small reduction when compared to the material in condition of non-irradiated, that is, 10.1% for the LDPE irradiated to 150 hours and 7.4% to 300 hours.
Just as the random chain scission causes a reduction and a higher dispersion in the molecular mass, the crosslinking promotes an increase in this mass, which can only be measured through the gel content.
Conclusions · The tensile mechanical behavior of LDPE was altered by the UV radiation, causing a reduction in elongation and an increase in yield stress, additionally indicating that the LDPE suffered a brittleness process
A slight reduction in crystallinity, is attributed to molecular scission, observed by DSC analysis and FTIR

The reduction rate α of the inflation rate represents the inhibition effect of 28d of the admixture to ASR.
The formula is as follows: (2) Whereis the reduction rate of the inflation rate.is the inflation rate of the reference mortar. %, is the inflation rate of the mortar mixed admixture. %.
The results and analysis The inflation rate and the reduction rate of the inflation rate (inhibition rate) of the mortar in the 1 d, 3 d, 7 d, 14 d and 28d is listed in table 2.
Table 2 The inflation rate and the reduction rate of the inflation rate in each age of the mortar bar.
By comparing inflation data of the two types of fly ash, we can find the inflation speed of the reaction drops down with the increase of the specific surface area of fly ash. 4.2 The inflation effect of slag Adding 15% ~ 45% slag also can achieve better inhibition effect.

Electrical resistivity evolutions exhibited one or two stage of resistivity reduction according to additional elements respectively.
In order to analyze the electrical resistivity reduction, micro structure evolutions were analyzed using DSC, XRD, and TEM. 1.
In this resistivity reduction stage, normalized resistivity decreased from 0.999 at 8 min to 0.906 after 132 min of annealing.
To study the growth behavior of nanocrystalline particles, we analyzed the isothermal electrical resistivity data using the Kolmogorov-Johnson-Mehl-Avrami equation [7], )exp(1)( nntk tx −−= , where, x(t) is the degree of crystallization, k is a kinetic coefficient and n is the Avrami parameter.
In contrast to this, the normalized resistivity measurement of the Vitreloy1 exhibited two distinctive resistivity reduction stage (RRS) with annealing time

Since grain size data had some scatters but no significant asymmetry, simple average of the three intercept lengths were used and referred to as average grain size in this study.
Cold-rollability was assessed by limit rolling reduction up to the formation of a macroscopic crack when the test pieces were cold-rolled by 0.02 mm per pass.
From the rollability test result, reduction in the cold rolling was chosen to be 15%.
The present result implies that grain refinement can be readily achieved in the products with thick section since the cold reduction as small as 15% is sufficient.
However, since the reduction amount and annealing condition is identical among the specimens with different rolling angle, the effect of rolling angle needs further discussion.

Table 1, Nations GDP energy consumption compared in 2010 Nation GDP(Units:$10 million) Primary energy consumption (Million tons oil equivalent) GDP($) per ton oil equivalent $100 million GDP energy consumption (10 thousand tons of oil equivalent) U.S. 146241.84 2285.7 6398.12 1.56 China 57451.33 2432.2 2362.11 4.23 Japan 53908.97 500.9 10762.42 0.93 Germany 33058.98 319.5 10347.10 0.97 France 25554.39 252.4 10124.56 0.99 United Kingdom 22585.65 209.1 10801.36 0.93 Russia 14769.12 690.9 2137.66 4.68 India 14300.20 524.2 2728.00 3.67 Total world 619634.29 12002.4 5162.59 1.94 Data source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy—June 2011 Connotation of mechanical equipment recycling and remanufacturing Remanufacturing of mechanical equipment is a series of technical measures or the engineering activities to repair or reform for worn out machinery equipment, which takes mechanical equipment products life cycle theory as the guide, take worn out machinery equipment to achieve performance
Recycled and remanufacturing has following features: A．Reduce First, achieve reduction requirement in the design through ecological design of MEM.
Try to improve the reliability of the unit of remanufacturing, reduce redundant surplus to achieve the purpose of "reduction"
Remanufacturing & energy conservation & emission reduction of mechanical and electrical products [R].
The ninth China international machinery and electronic products exposition of energy saving and emission reduction and mechanical and electrical industry development BBS experts report essays 2008-9：10−59

If the main objective is the reduction in temperature, 6 fin design is suitable.
If main objective is the reduction in temperature along with area optimization (for circuits), a 4 fin design is more suitable.
And if the main objective is the reduction in temperature along with weight and process time limitations, a 25 µm thickness design is suitable.
A drastic reduction of voids can be observed with vacuum (variants 2 and 3).
LOPL-E001B Data-sheet, 2009