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The software was programmed to monitor the testing process and to deal with the acquired data.
It can be found from Fig.3 that the measured strain reduction is faster than the result calculated by FEM, and strain reduction with electrical loading is faster than that without electrical loading for the FEM results.
The experimental and FEM results were compared and showed that the measured strain reduction is faster than the result calculated by FEM.

We discuss how to use optical communication to transmit data at multi-Gigabits in HAP to HAP and HAP to Satellite.
As depicted in Fig. 1, optical links between HAPs, satellites, and ground stations are envisioned to serve as broadband backhaul communication channels if data from various sensors or RF communication terminals onboard the HAP is to be transmitted, or if a HAP works as a data relay station.
When the signal is received by the receiver, the receiver converts data carried by the optical input signal into an electrical output signal.
These data confirm the previous free-space propagation hypothesis.
Meyer, “High data rate optical inter-satellite links,” presented at the Eur.

Continued corrosion of reinforcement causes a reduction of total loss of bond between concrete and reinforcement. [1, 2] Introduction STN EN 206 [3] classifies concrete surfaces exposed to chlorides dispersed in the air (spray area) as the exposure class XD1 and parts of the bridge exposed to splashing containing chlorides (splash area) as the exposure area XD3.
Fig. 1 shows the failures in terms of Serviceability Limit States (SLS) and Ultimate Limit State (ULS) during the active stage of the corrosion of the reinforcement: • SLS 1: depassivation of the reinforcement, the corrosion of the reinforcement starts • SLS 2: reduction of the cross-sectional area of the reinforcement • SLS 3: cracking on the surface of concrete • ULS 1: significant reduction of the cross-sectional area of the reinforcement and the bond • ULS 2: spalling of the concrete cover • ULS 3: the probability of failure (PoF) limit value was exceeded.
The duration of the active stage of the corrosion of the reinforcement may be determined as follows: (3) tp is the active stage of the corrosion of reinforcement [years] c concrete cover of the reinforcement [mm] d diameter of the reinforcement [mm] vcorr corrosion rate [μm/year] If there are not enough experimental data and specific environmental conditions impacting the structure, the speed of the corrosion may be determined according to Table 1.

For removing impurities to improve luminescence properties, Eu2+- activated Sr2Si5N8 red phosphor for white light-emitting diodes (LEDs) was prepared by multiple heat-treatment synthesis which includes carbothermal reduction and nitridation.
In order to improve the synthesis process, some authors have reported a carbothermal reduction and nitridation (CRN) method to prepare these kinds of phosphors [6, 15].
The data were recorded in the 2θ range from 10 to 70° with a scanning rate of 3°/min.
Conclusion Sr2Si5N8:Eu2+ red-emitting phosphors were synthesized successfully by multiple heat-treatment syntheses which include carbothermal reduction and nitridation.

Results: Jasmine mouthwash showed a significant inhibitory effect on S. mutans biofilm formation by decreasing 43% of biofilm whereas that of chlorhexidine showed 71% reduction.
Data were considered statistically significant at p-value < 0.05.
Even though its biofilm reducing effect was not as potent as 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate mouthwash which has been considered as a gold standard anti-biofilm agent, nearly 43% reduction of S. mutans biofilm was demonstrated compared with the 71% reduction effect of chlorhexidine.

Process conditions such as reduction in area, semi die angle and upsetting ratio are carefully considered to prevent from internal or geometrical defects.
However, conventional methods depending on experiences are not sufficient, considering that conversion into small-lot-large-variety products, reduction of lead time and costs are demanded [1].
The manufacture of precision and complex shapes needs a great amount of trial-and-error to determine the perform dimensions, the maximum number of forming operations, the type of each operation such as extrusion and upsetting, the amount of area reduction in each pass and the die geometries [2].
The friction value of the lubricant used in the experiments was determined to be 0.1 from the curve fitting by FEM to the experimental data with an iteration scheme.

Then, the samples were due to static tensile tests at room temperature to measure their residual ultimate strength and longitudinal stiffness as the base-line data for constant stress amplitude tension-tension cyclic tests.
However, beyond a certain threshold velocity, i.e., v≥25m/s, the use of tough matrix materials may result in more laminate tensile and flexural strength reduction than that of brittle matrix materials.
They were very close to the measured data, such as, 1531.1±83.7μm for diameter and 26.6±3.4μm in depth for 1m free drop and 1721.4±54.4μm and38.9±2.1μm for 2m drop.
Although the area of impacted surface due to 2m drop is greater than that of 1m drop, the reduction of mechanical properties of former samples is not significant.
The numerical results were in good agreement with empirical data.

The Johnson-Cook viscoplastic model wad also used to fit the experimental data with an optimum matching.
The frames acquired by Fastcam at the instant of failure are also reported; measuring the diameter reduction from these images, the effective failure strain can be evaluated.
The results are shown in Fig. 6; it is confirmed that the ductility at state T6 has a certain reduction with higher strain rate, while it even increases for the O state
Here, the data obtained from compression tests have been used to evaluate the parameters of the Johnson-Cook’s model, excluding the m coefficient since the temperature increase was considered negligible.
Cook, A constitutive model and data for metals subjected to large strains, high strain rates and high temperatures, Int.

Constant amplitude loading (CAL), high to low and low to high spectrum loadings were then derived from the VAL obtained from the data capturing process to study the fatigue behaviour that subjected to spectrum loadings at the room and elevated temperatures.
These loads were derived from the VAL data history which collected from the engine mounting bracket of a 1300 cc car while travelling on the residential area road surface.
A strain gauge was mounted on the top of engine mounting bracket and was then connected to strain data acquisition system.
Fig. 3: An original strain signal collected at the residential area road surface CAL high to low low to high Fig. 4: Spectrum loadings of different sequences used for the tests Results and Discussion Fig. 5 shows the effect of elevated temperatures on the fatigue lives for the each type of spectrum loadings indicating the reduction of fatigue lives with the temperature increases.
Relative elements present in laboratory air absorbed onto the surface cause embrittlement of the grain boundary, which contributes to the reduction in fatigue resistance experienced at the elevated temperatures [11].

Furthermore, there was no reduction in the production of progenies in NiZnCNT-treated worms, proposing that the nanoparticles tested does not negatively affect the reproductive system of animal.
Despite the great potential of NiZnCNT nanoparticles, limited toxicological data is available regarding the safety profile of this nanoparticle in living organism.
Data from lifespan assay were analysed by Kaplan-Meier analysis and Log-rank (Mantel-Cox) statistical test.
Data was presented for three individual experiments.
Data presented as representative of three individual experiments (n=90 per group).