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Fig. 1 DSC-TG curve of C3S raw mixtures Fig. 1a shows decarbonation as the main weight loss, as expected Fig. 1b displays a number of thermal effects.
It can be seen from Fig. 3 that the platy shaped grain is C3S according to the EDS results as expected, and the rounded grain is C2S.
From the SEM images, when the temperature is 1380℃,there are uneven C3S and C2S grains with clear grain boundaries, and the size of C3S is about in the range of 8~13μm.
However, at 1450℃, alite grains sharply increases up to 17-30μm, meanwhile more rounded C2S appears.
With the rise of temperature, the grains gradually grow up, and crystalline development constantly improves.

The small individual grain with same size and smooth surface were exhibited for low deposition time (30 min) (Fig. 3a).
In case of the 90 min and 150 min, the grain become aggregated and the larger facet grains like triangle shape spread across the films surface were investigated (Fig. 3b and 3c).
The number of sputtered films enhancement which reaching to substrate surface were received through the longer deposition time.
The cross-section observation apparently reveals the columnar having tight grains pattern.
This is can explained by two hardening effect, one is formation of a CrAlN solid solution from substitution of Cr atom by Al ones into CrN structure and the second is the grain boundary effects which is more created the number of amorphous AlN phase in grain boundary that directly reduce grain size.

Table 1: Green Compression Strength (GC) and Permeability Number (PN) of tailing sands bonded with 4% Clay.
Fig.8: Effect of moisture on green compression (GC) strength and permeability number (PN) of tailing sand from Taiping bonded with 4% clay.
Fig.9: Effect of moisture on green compression (GC) strength and permeability number (PN) of tailing sand from Tanjung Tualang bonded with 4% clay.
Fig.10: Effect of moisture on green compression (GC) strength and permeability number (PN) of tailing sand from Tronoh bonded with 4% clay.
At this stage, mixture becomes wet and thicker the water thus the clay becomes so soft and unable to hold the grains together hence decreases the strength and at the same time reduced the capability of gas to pass through.

Table 1 Different heating temperature process Sample number Heating temperature °C Holding time min Pressure maintaining min Hydraulic pressure t Pressure maintenance MPa Cooling method 1# 920 10 2 92 20 water 2# 880 10 2 92 20 water 3# 860 10 2 92 20 water Influence of heating temperature on microstructure.
The austenite grain grows with the increase of heating temperature, the same does the lath martensite.
(1) Where, σ0 and k are fine-grain strengthening constant, σs is the yield strength, and d is the average grain diameter.
Obviously, grain size and strength are inversely proportional, finer the grain, higher the strength.
Austenite grain size determines the steel microstructure and properties after cooling.

Both models involve manipulation of a large number of data, and repetitive and time-consuming calculations.
(1) where r, g and W are the density, the surface energy and the atomic volume, t, k and T are the time, Boltzmann constant and temperature, G and d are the grain size and the grain boundary width, D and G are the diffusion coefficient and the lumped parameter, and the subscripts gb and v stand for grain boundary and volume.
This process is repeated a number of times for other values of Q until the mean residual square among the experimental and calculated data is reached.

.%) added to BaSO4 powders of a micron size on grain size distribution and diffuse reflectance spectra (ρλ) within the UV, visible, and near IR regions.
The grain size composition of the powders was determined via Shimadzu SALD-2300 laser particle size analyzer.
Since the optimal values for the diffuse reflection appear for the grain sizes that are equal or slightly smaller than the wavelength, such a distribution could affect the whole infrared spectrum range.
This temperature value allows one to remove only a part of gas and water molecules bound to the grain and powder (BaSO4 and SiO2) surfaces by physical gravity forces.
To fulfil the first factor, nanoparticles should be deposited onto the grain or granule surface, that is, bound to the latter either thanks to the unsaturated bonds or gravity forces.

A number of deposition techniques [3] have been used to deposit NCD films.
The weaker intensity of diamond peak and the shift of G peak to higher frequencies suggested the diamond grain size decreases, and grain boundary increases; thus resulting in sp2 in detriment of sp3 phase increment with decreasing pressure [9].
This spectrum can be considered as fingerprints for the fine diamond grained structure, related as UNCD [9].
The sp3-bonded carbon content and diamond grain size of the NCD films directly related with I(CH)/I(Hb) ratio in the growth step.
Furthermore, the diamond grain size and sp3 carbon content in the films strongly depended on the I(CH)/I(Hb) ratio for the growth step.

Coarse particles of the primary θ-phase and ternary W-phase (Al8-xCu4+xSc) were situated on grain boundaries [6,7].
Fig. 1 Effect of prior deformation on dimensions of the Ω-phase plates within grains/subgrains interiors after ageing at 190°С, 2h.
There is significant number of Ω-phase plates with thickness more than 2 nm and, therefore, the transverse boundaries of these particles lost coherency with aluminum matrix and became semi-coherent [8].
It seems that this fact results from redistribution of alloying elements between strengthening precipitates situated within grains/subgrains and on grain/subgrain boundaries.
Fig. 4 Distribution of diameter and thickness of the Ω-phase plates within grains/subgrains after creep test to fracture at 150°C.

It could be seen from the graph that grain sizes were in nanometre range for all samples.
Averagely, PET had the smallest size of the grain which was 24 nm while ITO substrates had the largest grain size at 59 nm.
The difference of grain size and film thickness were illustrated in graph in Fig. 2.
This pattern was supposed to be related to the film thickness, whereby a thicker film would possess a bigger grain size [15].
The highest number of peaks ascribed to ZnO diffraction peaks were recognized on p-Si substrate.

The researchers note that the most effective traps are grain boundaries, dislocations and vacancies [2].
For example, grain boundary dislocations often have jogs [4], which play an important role in the diffusion processes along dislocation cores.
This potential has well recommended itself in a number of calculations of structural and energy characteristics of metals, made by the method of molecular dynamics [6-10].
In addition, as shown in [15], a vacancy can sorb a large number (up to two dozen with an ordered arrangement) of hydrogen atoms with a positive binding energy.
Sinyaev, Interdiffusion and order fracture over grain boundaries in the deformed Ni3Al intermetallide, Materials Science Forum. 567-568 (2008) 161-164