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In addition, the testing of indentation diameter is the most important factor of measuring accuracy, the material heterogeneity and surface condition under different manufacturing process conditions will seriously affect the measurement results.
The theory of using indentation test to determine the mechanical properties of materials was then gradually improved.
The linear relationship between residual stress and strain increment relates with the steel material, surface condition, ball diameter, the strain gage size, distance between strain gage and ball center, impact energy, static pressure and other factors.
New type of SSM for residual stress determination In resent years, more and more attention has been paid on material microstructure and properties, due to the rapid development of new materials technology.
Therefore pressure deep can be controlled as small as nanometer (0.1nm~100nm), which is appropriate for the ultra-thin material properties test [14].

The mechanical and tribological properties of the coatings were evaluated by means of nanoindentation and ball-on-disc-tests.
The mechanical properties of the coatings were measured by means of a nanoindenter (G200, Agilent, USA).
Results Mechanical and tribological properties of the DLC coatings.
Table 1 illustrates mechanical properties of all tested DLC coatings.
The results of this work show that the hydrogen content in DLC coatings can significantly affect both their mechanical and tribological properties.

There are two common categories of binder jetting process paramters First, material related factors and secondly process related factors. 6.
Saxena, “Influence of Severe Metal Forming Processes on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Mg alloys,” Adv.
Brostow, “Physical and Mechanical Properties of Polymer Composites with High Content of Wastes Including Boron,” Mater.
Lee, “Preparation of Fly Ash/Epoxy Composites and its Effects on Mechanical Properties,” Polymers (Basel)., vol. 12, no.1, (2020) p.79
Li, “Development of sheet metal forming dies with excellent mechanical properties using additive manufacturing and rapid tooling technologies,” Int.

The mechanical properties of masonry structural members strengthened by FRP (Fiber Reinforced Polymer) are affected by the bond strength of the reinforcement interface, in addition to the strength of the material FRP itself.
Lee et al. published the results of the research on the SFRP reinforcement test for reinforced concrete beams with cracked damage [2], pointing out the effect of some factors such as fiber spray layer thickness, fiber length, fiber material and fiber pre-stressing.
Although some experimental studies have been carried out on the influence of humidity and temperature on the bonding properties of FRP externally reinforced concrete members, there are few related studies on that of FRP-reinforced masonry members [6,7].
It is known that water erosion causes the physical mechanism of FRP to age and the mechanical properties of the resin to decrease [8].
Moisture also affects the fiber-matrix interface properties through chemical processes and resin swelling after moisture adsorption [10].

While water sorption properties is a key factor in mechanical properties and durability of cement-based materials [10-12], the existence of the calcium compounds in the OPC leaves the concrete vulnerable to acid attack.
The physical properties of the WTCRs and natural aggregates.
[9] Mhaya, A.M., et al., Long-term mechanical and durable properties of waste tires rubber crumbs replaced GBFS modified concretes.
[16] Fu, C., et al., Evolution of mechanical properties of steel fiber-reinforced rubberized concrete (FR-RC).
[20] Mhaya, A.M., et al., Evaluating mechanical properties and impact resistance of modified concrete containing ground Blast Furnace slag and discarded rubber tire crumbs.

However, due to different metallurgical behaviour & mechanical properties, joining of dissimilar Al alloys presents a number of challenges.
In addition, in case of dissimilar work material it affects weld nugget microstructure & joint properties up to such extent that it has been taken as a process variable.
Besides, shifting tool pin-axis from weld centreline is also affecting dissimilar joint properties.
It was observed that the placement of the aluminum alloys in the different orders over each other affected the final weld quality & mechanical properties.
Further, mechanical properties and microstructures of the weld zone were studied with the aid of experimental observations and model predictions.

Several influence factors were studied, such as the impact velocity of rockfall, buried depth of pipeline, ratio of diameter to thickness and style of soil.
This paper simulates dynamic response of pipelines subject to rockfall using a pipe-soil nonlinear interaction FEM model, and the effect of several influence factors on dynamic response of pipeline have been simulated.
Fig. 1 Pipe-soil nonlinear interaction FEM model Material properties and element types.
Values of influence factors are shown in table 2.
Young's modulus and friction coefficient, which are important property of backfill, affect the deformation of pipeline.

Mechanical Properties All the samples have both elastic and plastic regions as shown in the stress strain graph in Figure 4a).
Okabe, Mechanical Properties and Microstructures of Cast Ti-Cu Alloys, Dental Materials, 19 (2003) 174-181
Park, Effect of Manganese on the Microstructure, Mechanical Properties and Corrosion Behavior of Titanium Alloys, Materials Chemistry and Physics, 180 (2016) 341-348
Narushima, Microstructures, Mechanical Properties and Cytotoxicity of Low Cost Beta Ti-Mn Alloys for Biomedical Applications, Acta Biomaterialia, 26 (2015) 366-376
Collings, Materials Properties Handbook: Titanium Alloys, in: A.

Pulse echo method is affected by the material surface roughness and the acoustic attenuation, and when the medium thickness is smaller than the double wavelength, the echo of medium surface will be mixed up together, so it is not easy to distinguish.
Coating elastic modulus Coating elastic modulus is an important parameter of the coating mechanical properties, now there are many damage evaluation methods for coating elastic modulus, such as vibration membrane, tympanic membrane, bending beam method, the indentation method, etc.But there are certain limitations with various methods, such as vibration membrane method is not suitable for coating which thickness is larger.Bending beam method is strongly influenced by the thickness of the coating.Indentation method results is closely related the loading charged, and it has a poor repeatability.
The surface quality of the coating Coating surface quality is also the important factors influencing the coating performance, the current detection method for surface quality of the coating are mainly visual inspection and penetration.The visual inspection is very convenient, and the result is intuitive, but it has a low sensitivity to detect surface fine defect .Penetration testing technology can find the surface coating’s subtle defects, it has a high sensitivity, but the reagents are volatile and toxic. 5.
Residual stress in the coating In the manufacturing process, coating will produce residual stress, if residual stress is too large, it will affect the use of the coating performance.The coating residual stress test method has the destructive test, such as bending method.Because ultrasonic method has no damage to measure residual stress,so it shows technical advantage, ultrasonic testing technique includes reflected p-wave method,electromagnetic ultrasonic testing, laser ultrasonic testing, etc.
Hess, Laser diagnostics of mechanical and elastic properties of silicon and carbon films,J．Applied surface science.106(1996),429-437.

Many factors influence the rate and effect ASR, from ambient conditions to the composition of the concrete mix.
Although much work has been done to determine the properties of silica gel formed like the latest work of Leeman et al [1], where it is the key point to determine the damage induced from ASG.
However, modeling silica gel is needed to explain the rheological behavior of concrete affected by ASR, knowing the complication that takes to seize the mechanical and chemical mechanism.
Fig. 3 Cross section of REV and presentation of the impact of ASG The results show the mechanism of deformation and damage at the mesoscopic scale (see Fig. 4) , where the stress is maximum at the gel silica formed / aggregate (see Fig. 1) interface; after a short time the mechanical resistance of loose aggregate join the critical threshold and deformed without returning to its linear elastic behavior, unlike the silica gel formed and the cement paste which they have mechanical properties reduced compared to the aggregates (see Table 1) but they have absorbed more stress subsequently more energy than the elastic behavior aggregate (see Fig. 5), which is explained by the rheological behavior of each material.
Multon, et al., Concrete modelling for expertise of structures affected by alkali aggregate reaction.