Optimization of Cu/TiO₂ Preparation Variables Using Response Surface Method for Photodegradation of Diisopropanolamine

Abstract:

The Cu/TiO₂ photocatalyst preparation variables namely Cu loading, calcination temperature and calcination duration were optimized using response surface methodology. A set of experiments were conducted to obtain the response data which was then analyzed using Design Expert software. The analysis of variance revealed that COD removal from aqueous DIPA solution fitted a quadratic polynomial model with high coefficient of determination (R² = 0.99). The Cu loading was found to be the most significant variable, which then followed by calcination time and the least significant variable was calcination temperature. The optimum condition for the preparation of Cu/TiO₂ photocatalyst for photodegradation of aqueous diisopropanolamine solution was observed at 1.8 wt% Cu loading calcined at 425 °C for 1.0 h. At the optimum condition, 61.15 % of COD removal was achieved. The optimum conditions of the current study will be used for kinetic study.

• Periodical: Applied Mechanics and Materials (Volume 699)
• Pages: 124-130
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.699.124
• Online since: November 2014
• Authors: Raihan Mahirah Ramli*, Chong Fai Kait, Abdul Aziz Omar
• Keywords: Cu/TiO₂ Photocatalyst, Photodegradation, Response Surface Method (RSM)

References

[1] M. Stewart and K. Arnold, Gas Sweetening and Processing Field Manual. Gulf Professional Publishing, Oxford, UK, (2011).

[2] A.I. Kohl and R.B. Nielsen, Gas Purification, 5th ed., Gulf Publishing Company, Houston, Texas, (1997).

[3] A.A. Omar, R.M. Ramli, and P.F. Khamaruddin, Fenton Oxidation of Natural Gas Plant Wastewater, Canadian Journal on Chemical Engineering & Technology 1 (2010).

[4] W.J. Ng, Industrial Wastewater Treatment. Imperial College Press, London, UK, (2006).

[5] A.R. Khataee, M. Zarei, M. Fathinia, and M.K. Jafari, Photocatalytic degradation of an anthraquinone dye on immobilized TiO2 nanoparticles in a rectangular reactor: Destruction pathway and response surface approach, Desalination 268 (2011).

DOI: 10.1016/j.desal.2010.10.008

[6] P. Bansal and D. Sud, Photodegradation of commercial dye, Procion Blue HERD from real textile wastewater using nanocatalysts, Desalination 267 (2011) 244-249.

DOI: 10.1016/j.desal.2010.09.034

[7] M. Asiltürk, F. Sayılkan, E. Arpaç, Effect of Fe3+ ion doping to TiO2 on the photocatalytic degradation of Malachite Green dye under UV and vis-irradiation, Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry 203 (2009) 64-71.

DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2008.12.021

[8] N. Riaz, F.K. Chong, B.K. Dutta, Z. Man, M.S. Khan, E. Nurlaela, Photodegradation of Orange II under Visible Light using Cu–Ni/TiO2: Effect of Calcination Temperature, Chemical Engineering Journal 108 (2012) 185-186.

DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2012.01.052

[9] X. Zhang, F. Wu, Z. Wang, Y. Guo, N. Deng, Photocatalytic degradation of 4, 4'-biphenol in TiO2 suspension in the presence of cyclodextrins: A trinity integrated mechanism, Journal of Molecular Catalysis A: Chemical 301 (2009) 134-139.

DOI: 10.1016/j.molcata.2008.11.022

[10] G. Wang, F. Wu, X. Zhang, M. Luo, N. Deng, Enhanced TiO2 photocatalytic degradation of bisphenol E by β-cyclodextrin in suspended solutions, Journal of Hazardous Materials 133 (2006) 85-91.

DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2005.09.058

[11] H. Slimen, A. Houas, J. P. Nogier, Elaboration of stable anatase TiO2 through activated carbon addition with high photocatalytic activity under visible light, Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry 221 (2011) 13-21.

DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2011.04.013

[12] M.B. Fisher, D.A. Keane, P. Fernández-Ibáñez, J. Colreavy, S.J. Hinder, K.G. McGuigan, and S.C. Pillai, Nitrogen and copper doped solar light active TiO2 photocatalysts for water decontamination, Applied Catalysis B: Environmental 130-131 (2013).

DOI: 10.1016/j.apcatb.2012.10.013

[13] G. Colón, M. Maicu, M.C. Hidalgo, J.A. Navío, Cu-doped TiO2 systems with improved photocatalytic activity, Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 67 (2006) 41-51.

DOI: 10.1016/j.apcatb.2006.03.019

[14] J. Yu, Y. Hai, and M. Jaroniec, Photocatalytic hydrogen production over CuO-modified titania, Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 357 (2011) 223-228.

DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2011.01.101

[15] D.C. Montgomery, Design and analysis of experiments: Response surface method and designs. New Jersey: John Wiley and Sons, Inc., (2005).

[16] J. Chen, G. Li, Y. Huang, H. Zhang, H. Zhao, and T. An, Optimization synthesis of carbon nanotubes-anatase TiO2 composite photocatalyst by response surface methodology for photocatalytic degradation of gaseous styrene, Applied Catalysis B: Environmental 123-124 (2012).

DOI: 10.1016/j.apcatb.2012.04.020

[17] N.B. Parilti, C.S.U. Demirel, and M. Bekbolet, Response surface methodological approach for the assessment of the photocatalytic degradation of NOM, Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry 225 (2011) 26-35.

DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2011.09.021

[18] J. Zhang, D. Fu, Y. Xu, and C. Liu, Optimization of parameters on photocatalytic degradation of chloramphenicol using TiO2 as photocatalyist by response surface methodology, Journal of Environmental Sciences 22 (2010) 1281-1289.

DOI: 10.1016/s1001-0742(09)60251-5

[19] V.A. Sakkas, M.A. Islam, C. Stalikas, and T.A. Albanis, Photocatalytic degradation using design of experiments: A review and example of the Congo red degradation, Journal of Hazardous Materials 175 (2010) 33-44.

DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.10.050

[20] C.H. Lu, W.H. Wu, and R.B. Kale, Microemulsion-mediated hydrothermal synthesis of photocatalytic TiO2 powders, Journal of Hazardous Materials 154 (2008) 649-654.

DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.10.074