Inhibitory Effect of Medicament Camphorated Parachlorophenol to Bacteria in Chronic Apical Abscess

Abstract:

Chronic apical abscesses are triggered by bacteria belonging to the Staphylococcus and Streptococcus genus. The use of adequate endodontic treatments and materials is essential for long-term performance treatment. Camphorated parachlorophenol has high antibacterial activity, evaporating continuously and diffusing throughout the root canals. This study aims to determine the inhibitory effect of camphorated parachlorophenol on Staphylococcus and Streptococcus in a chronic apical abscess. This experimental study using the well-diffusion test and the Davis and Stout inhibitory zone classification. Six Staphylococcus and one Streptococcus isolated from the apical abscess root canal are used in this study. The 50% and 75% camphorated parachlorophenol with chlorhexidine gluconate 2% as a positive control and Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as a negative control were test the sensitivity of bacteria Staphylococcus cohnii, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus haemolyticus, Staphylococcus hominis, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Staphylococcus warneri and Streptococcus salivarius. The inhibitory zone diameter was calculated for each concentration and bacteria. Staphylococcus and Streptococcus genus were found to be 100 percent highly susceptible to camphorated parachlorophenol, while Staphylococcus genus were 50 percent and 75 percent extremely susceptible. The inhibitory zone of camphorated parachlorophenol 50 percent was slightly higher than the inhibitor zone of camphorated parachlorophenol 75 percent. The highest significant ratios of camphorated parachlorophenol 50 percent and 75 percent inhibitory zone were found in Staphylococcus hominis, Staphylococcus warneri, and Staphylocccus saprophyticus. Antibacterials in chemical compounds affect bacteria through three mechanisms: damaging cell membranes containing lipids, modifying proteins, or modifying DNA. In conclusion, camphorated parachlorophenol as a medicament has an inhibitory effect to Staphylococcus and Streptococcus genus. Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus warneri, Staphlyococcus saprofiticus, Staphlococcus haemoliticus, Staphlyococcus cohnii, Staphlyococcus hominis, and Streptococcus salivarius were highly susceptible to camphorated parachlorophenol 50% and 75%.

• Periodical: Applied Mechanics and Materials (Volume 910)
• Pages: 9-16
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.4028/p-ep5bie
• Online since: October 2022
• Authors: Diani Prisinda*, Yuti Malinda
• Keywords: Abscess, Camporated Parachlorfenol, Inhibitory, Medicament

References

[1] Torabinejad, Mahmoud; Walton RE. Endodontic Principles and Practice. 4th ed. St. Louis, Missouri: Elsevier Ltd, (2009).

[2] Verma U, Kulshrestha S, Harsh A, et al. Evaluation of Aerobic Oral Microbial Flora Pattern in Necrotic Pulp with Chronic Periapical Abscess and Oral Mucosa. 2017; 6: 1967–(1971).

DOI: 10.20546/ijcmas.2017.603.224

[3] Garg N, Garg A. Textbook of Endodontics. 4th Editio. London: Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers, (2019).

[4] Sousa ELR, Gomes BPFA, Jacinto RC, et al. Microbiological profile and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of infected root canals associated with periapical abscesses. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2013; 32: 573–580.

DOI: 10.1007/s10096-012-1777-5

[5] Mahalle A, Deshmukh R, Mahalle A. Evaluating the antibiotic susceptibility of bacteria isolated from the pyogenic abscess of dental origin. 2014; 1: 6–10.

DOI: 10.4103/2348-3407.126132

[6] Kim D, Kim E. Antimicrobial effect of calcium hydroxide as an intracanal medicament in root canal treatment: a literature review - Part I. In vitro studies. Restor Dent Endod 2014; 39: 241.

DOI: 10.5395/rde.2014.39.4.241

[7] Hargreaves KM, Cohen S. Pathway Of The Pulp 10th edition. 10th ed. China: Mosby Elsevier, (2011).

[8] Ingle JI, Bakland LK, Baumgartner JC. Endodontics 6. Ontario: BC Decker Inc, (2008).

[9] Barid I, Nawawi S, Sosroseno W. Effects of Parachlorophenol and Camphorated Parachlorophenol on the Phagocytic Activities of a Murine Macrophage Cell Line ( RAW264 . 7 ). J Endod 2002; 28: 806–810.

DOI: 10.1097/00004770-200212000-00004

[10] Dammaschke T, Harks I. The effect of different root canal medicaments on the elimination of Enterococcus faecalis ex vivo. Eur J Dent ·; 7. Epub ahead of print 2013.

DOI: 10.4103/1305-7456.120683

[11] Ganesh MR, Chaurasia VR, Masamatti VKS, et al. In vitro evaluation of antibacterial efficacy of calcium hydroxide in different vehicles. J Int Soc Prev Community Dent 2014; 4: 56–60.

DOI: 10.4103/2231-0762.131268

[12] Remel Europe Ltd. Instructuin for Use: RapID TM STR System. USA: Thermo Fisher Scientific, 2017, p.1–5.

[13] Levinson W. Review Of Medical Microbiology and Immunology 13th ed. 13th ed. California, San Fransisco: McGraw-Hill Education, (2014).

[14] Singh R, Ray P, Das A, et al. Penetration of antibiotics through Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilms. J Antimicrob Chemother 2010; 65: 1955–(1958).

DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkq257

[15] Soković M, Glamočlija J, D. Marin P, et al. Antibacterial Effects of the Essential Oils of Commonly Consumed Medicinal Herbs Using an. Molecules 2010; 15: 7532–7546.

DOI: 10.3390/molecules15117532

[16] Hajifattahi F, Moravej-salehi E, Taheri M, et al. Antibacterial Effect of Hydroalcoholic Extract of Punica granatum Linn. Petal on Common Oral Microorganisms. Int J Biomater 2016; 2016: 6.

DOI: 10.1155/2016/8098943

[17] Sherman C. Microbiology a laboratory Manual. sixth edit. New York: Benjamin Cummings, (2001).

[18] Bouarab-Chibane L, Forquet V, Lantéri P, et al. Antibacterial properties of polyphenols: Characterization and QSAR (Quantitative structure-activity relationship) models. Front Microbiol; 10. Epub ahead of print 2019.

DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00829

[19] Szczuka E, Telega K, Kaznowski A. Biofilm formation by Staphylococcus hominis strains isolated from human clinical specimens. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2014; 60: 1–5.

DOI: 10.1007/s12223-014-0332-4

[20] Campoccia D, Montanaro L, Visai L, et al. Characterization of 26 Staphylococcus warneri Isolates from Orthopedic Infections. 2010; 33: 575–581.

DOI: 10.1177/039139881003300903

[21] Mandal SM, Dias RO, Franco OL. Phenolic Compounds in Antimicrobial Therapy. J Med Food 2017; 00: 1–8.

[22] Vargas-Ferreira F, Angonese MP, Friedrich HC, et al. Antimicrobial action of root canal filling pastes used in deciduous teeth. Rev Odonto Ciência 2011; 25: 65–68.

DOI: 10.1590/s1980-65232010000100013

[23] Praetzel JR, Ferreira FV, Weiss RN, et al. Antimicrobial Action of a Filling Paste Used in Pulp Therapy in Primary Teeth under Different Storage Conditions. J Clin Pediatr Dent 2015; 33: 113–116.

DOI: 10.17796/jcpd.33.2.d5jh650g20g686g5

[24] Gangwar A. Antimicrobial effectiveness of different preparations of calcium hydroxide. Indian J Dent Res 2011; 22: 66–70.

DOI: 10.4103/0970-9290.79986

[25] Martison A, Fávero M, Lia A, et al. Identification of Staphylococcus saprophyticus Isolated from Patients with Urinary Tract Infection Using a Simple Set of Biochemical Tests Correlating with 16S – 23S Interspace Region Molecular Weight Patterns. J Microbiol Methods 2012; 91: 406–411.

DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2012.09.024

[26] Vinh DC, Nichol KA, Rand F, et al. Not so pretty in pink: Staphylococcus cohnii masquerading as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus on chromogenic media. J Clin Microbiol 2006; 44: 4623–4624.

DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01764-06

[27] Zancan RF, Canali LCF, Tartari T, et al. Do different strains of E . faecalis have the same behavior towards intracanal medications in in vitro research ? Brazilian Oral Res 2018; 1–8.

DOI: 10.1590/1807-3107bor-2018.vol32.0046

[28] Namvar AE, Bastarahang S, Abbasi N, et al. Clinical characteristics of Staphylococcus epidermidis : a systematic review Klinische Charakterisierung von Staphylococcus epidermidis : ein systematisches Review. GMS Hyg Infect Control 2014; 9: 1–10.

[29] Schmidt K, Do CE, Mclaren A, et al. Chlorhexidine Antiseptic Irrigation Eradicates Staphylococcus epidermidis From Biofilm : An In Vitro Study. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2018; 476: 648–653.

DOI: 10.1007/s11999.0000000000000052

[30] Costa B, Nogueira AG, Cidral TA, et al. Decreased susceptibility to chlorhexidine and distribution of qacA/B genes among coagulase-negative Staphylococcus clinical samples. BMC Infect Dis 2019; 19: 1–5.

DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-3823-8

[31] Ardizzoni A, Pericolini E, Paulone S, et al. In vitro effects of commercial mouthwashes on several virulence traits of Candida albicans, viridans streptococci and Enterococcus faecalis colonizing the oral cavity. PLoS One 2018; 13: 1–20.

DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207262

[32] Saleem HGM, Seers CA, Sabri AN, et al. Dental plaque bacteria with reduced susceptibility to chlorhexidine are multidrug resistant. BMC Microbiol 2016; 16: 1–9.

DOI: 10.1186/s12866-016-0833-1

[33] S. Esath Natheer. Evaluation of antibacterial activity of Morinda citrifolia, Vitex trifolia and Chromolaena odorata. African J Pharm Pharmacol 2012; 6: 783–788.

DOI: 10.5897/ajpp11.435