Antifeedant Nanosuspension Formula of Tithonia diversifolia Leaf Extract by Emulsion Inverse Method to Control Crocidolomia pavonana Cabbage Pest Insect

Abstract:

The leaf extract from Tithonia diversifolia is recognized for its ability to deter feeding in various Lepidoptera insect pests, including the larvae of Crocidolomia pavonana. Presently, transformation efforts from conventional formulations into nano-based formulations for biopesticides exhibit enhanced effectiveness and efficiency. Utilizing a low-energy process, an inversion emulsion facilitates the dispersion of the extract suspension in an organic solvent into a water-immiscible solvent using a suitable surfactant. The forming nano-size droplets in water (t1, t2, t3, t4) are influenced by the ratio of surfactant and organic suspension (Water: Tween 80: Organic suspension). The emulsification method successfully formulated T. diversifolia leaf extract, into dispersed nano-size and submicron suspensions in water. The t3 formula exhibits the smallest nano-size dispersed in water (D=23.6 ± 39.6 nm; polydispersity index IP=0.702) and enhanced wettability, evident in the lower contact angle of the droplet on the cabbage leaf surface (49.4°) compare with the control group. The Phytochemicals confirmed by IR-spectra analysis identified the phenols, alkaloids, and steroids constituents of leaf extract, which are known to have antifeedant properties. The enhanced antifeedant properties of T. diversifolia nanosuspension against C. pavonana third-instar larvae demonstrated by the antifeedant test results showing that t3 is the most successful deterrent larvae feeding activity compared to the control (P<0.05), due to the highest total antifeedant coefficient (74.27%) in a category medium antifeedant activity, while the non-emulsification displayed the lowest antifeedant coefficient (25.36%) in a category as low antifeedant activity. T. diversifolia leaf extract with a nano-based formula succeeded resulting in dispersed nano-size and submicron suspension in aqueous media, thereby reducing surface tension and enhancing wettability on the leaf surface during application. The improved dispersion of antifeedant nanosuspension on the leaf surface results in more effective delivery to target insects.

• Periodical: Advanced Materials Research (Volume 1181)
• Pages: 31-40
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.4028/p-eaSu2a
• Online since: November 2024
• Authors: Wawan Hermawan*, Melanie Melanie, Zulfa Maulidah, Desak Made Malini, Mia Miranti, Madihah Madihah
• Keywords: Antifeedant, Crocidolomia pavonana, Emulsion, Nanosuspension, Thitonia diversifolia

References

[1] Information on https://www.archive.bps.go.id/indicator/55/61/6/produksi-tanaman-sayuran.html

[2] N. Mpumi, R.S. Machunda, K.M. Mtei and P.A. Ndakidemi, Selected insect pests of economic importance to Brassica oleracea, their control strategies and the potential threat to environmental pollution in Africa. Sustainability. 12 (2020) 1–22.

DOI: 10.3390/su12093824

[3] A.D. Permana, S. Marlinda, A. Susanto and A.S. Leksono, Effectiveness of Cordyceps sp. and Beauveria bassiana against large cabbage-heart caterpillar, Crocidolomia pavonana Fabricius (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). Int. J. Biol. Eng. 16 (2022) 14–18.

DOI: 10.46300/91011.2022.16.3

[4] P.S. Nenotek, J.A. Londingkene, R. Ludji, T.S. Harini, M.J. Kapa, E.S.O. Nguru, E. Roefaida and M. Konanin, The toxicity of Annona squamosa seeds and Anacardium occidentale seed shells from East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia, against cabbage caterpillar (Crocidolomia pavonana). Intl.J.Trop. Drylands. 6 (2022) 39-44.

DOI: 10.13057/tropdrylands/t060105

[5] J. Kumar, A. Ramlal, D. Mallick and V. Mishra, An overview of some biopesticides and their importance in plant protection for commercial acceptance. Plants. 10 (2021) 1–15.

DOI: 10.3390/plants10061185

[6] K.D. Singh, A.J. Mobolade, R. Bharali, D. Sahoo and Y. Rajashekar, Main plant volatiles as stored grain pest management approach: A review. J. Agric. Food Res. 4 (2021), 1–12.

DOI: 10.1016/j.jafr.2021.100127

[7] C.A. Awere, E.W. Githae and J.M. Gichumbi, Phytochemical analysis and antifungal activity of Tithonia diversifolia and Kigelia africana extracts against Fusarium oxysporum in tomato. Afr. J. Agric. Res. 17 (2021) 726–732.

DOI: 10.5897/ajar2020.15050

[8] A.K. Surowiak, L. Balcerzak, S. Lochynski and D.J. Strub, Biological activity of selected natural and synthetic terpenoid lactones. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 22 (2021) 1-21.

DOI: 10.3390/ijms22095036

[9] J. Espinoza, M. Chacón-Fuentes, A. Quiroz, L. Bardehle, P. Escobar-Bahamondes and E. Ungerfeld, Antifeedant effects and repellent activity of loline alkaloids from endophyte-infected tall fescue against horn flies, haematobia irritans (Diptera: Muscidae), Molecules 26 (2021) 1-12

DOI: 10.3390/molecules26040817

[10] M. Melanie, F.Y. Kosasih, H. Kasmara, D.M. Malini, C. Panatarani, I.M. Joni, T. Husodo and W. Hermawan (2020). Antifeedant activity of Lantana camara nanosuspension prepared by reverse emulsion of ethyl acetate active fraction at various surfactant organic-phase ratio. Biocatal. Agric. Biotechnol. 29 (2020) 1-9.

DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2020.101805

[11] M. Melanie, M. Miranti, H. Kasmara, D.M. Malini, T. Husodo, C. Panatarani, I.M. Joni and W. Hermawan, Nanotechnology-based bioactive antifeedant for plant protection. Nanomaterials. 12 (2022) 1-32.

DOI: 10.3390/nano12040630

[12] I.M. Joni, M. Vanitha, C. Panatarani and F. Faizal, Dispersion of amorphous silica nanoparticles via beads milling process and their particle size analysis, hydrophobicity and anti-bacterial activity. Adv. Powder Technol. 31 (2020) 370–380.

DOI: 10.1016/j.apt.2019.10.029

[13] S. Arivoli and S. Tennyson, Antifeedant activity of leaf extracts against Spodoptera litura Fabricius 1775 (Lepidoptera Noctuidae) highlighting the mechanism of action. LJRS 20 (2020) 67-80

[14] M. Melanie1, W. Hermawan, H. Kasmara, A.H. Kholifa, M.M. Rustam, and C. Panatarani, Antifeedant properties of fractionation Lantana camara leaf extract on cabbage caterpillars (Crocidolomia pavonana fabricius) larvae. IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci. 457 (2020) 1-9.

DOI: 10.1088/1755-1315/457/1/012047

[15] C. Cheaburu-Yilmaz, H. Karasulu and O. Yilmaz, Nanoscaled dispersed systems used in drug-delivery applications. In: Polymeric Nanomaterials in Nanotherapeutics. Elsevier Inc., p.2019, p.437–468.

DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-813932-5.00013-3

[16] H. Yu, J. Li, G. Wu, Q. Tang, X. Duan, Q. Liu, M. Lan, Y. Zhao, X. Hao, X. Qin and X. Ding, Antifeedant mechanism of Dodonaea viscosa saponin A isolated from the seeds of Dodonaea viscosa. Molecules. 27 (2022) 1-15.

DOI: 10.3390/molecules27144464

[17] M.S. Roopa, R.Shubharani, T. Rhetso and V. Sivaram, Comparative analysis of phytochemical constituents, free radical scavenging activity and GC-MS analysis of leaf and flower extract of Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A. Gray, IJPSR 11 (2020) 5081-5090.

[18] F.A. Opondo, I.O. K'Owino, S.C. Chepkwony and V.J. Kosgei, In vitro antibacterial activity of essential oils from Tithonia diversifolia leaves and flowers against Ralstonia Solanacearum, EJAS 10 (2022) 524-539.

DOI: 10.14738/aivp.102.12172

[19] H.J. Son , M.H. Kim and K.M. Ku, A double-edged sword of surfactant effect on hydrophobic surface broccoli leaf as a model plant: promotion of pathogenic microbial Contamination and Improvement to Disinfection Efficiency of Ozonated Water, Processes.  9 (2021) 1-14.

DOI: 10.3390/pr9040679

[20] M. Kanduč, E. Schneck  and R.R. Netz  Understanding the "Berg limit": the 65° contact angle as the universal adhesion threshold of biomatter. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 26 (2023) 713-723

DOI: 10.1039/d3cp05084j

[21] P. Wang, C. Xu, C. Li, L.Wang, Q. Niu and H. Li, Investigation of factors enhancing droplets spreading on leaves with burrs, Front. Plant Sci. 14 (2023) 1-15.

DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1220878

[22] A. Pengsook, V. Bullangpoti, O. Koul, S. Nobsathian, C. Saiyaitong, T. Yooboon, P. Phankaen, W. Pluempanupat and N. Kumrungsee, Antifeedant activity and biochemical responses in Spodoptera exigua Hübner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) infesting broccoli, Brassica oleracea var. alboglabra exposed to Piper ribesioides Wall Extracts and Allelochemicals, Chem. biol. technol. agric. 9 (2022) 1-10.

DOI: 10.1186/s40538-021-00270-3