Vertical Migration Comparison of Scenedesmus and Microcystis

Abstract:

Scenedesmus and Microcystis usually present in nutrients-enriched freshwater, adapt to the environmental conditions by vertical migration and lead to eutrophication and algal bloom, which results in deteriorated water quality and damaged aquatic ecosystem. The vertical migrations of Scenedesmus and Microcystis with three kinds of light sources were observed in columns. The concentration of chlorophyll a was analyzed to indicate the vertical migration of the algae. The results showed that the extinction coefficients’ rang for Scenedesmus was lower than that for Microcystis, which was due to the algal self shading resulted by the lower concentration of chlorophyll a. Under different illumination, Scenedesmus cells sank down to the bottom due to the gravity and thus were taken away by the samplings, whereas, Microcystis cells floated significantly in the columns all the time. The Stokes’ Law showed that under light sources of I2 and I3 and without light source, the sedimentation coefficients for Scenedesmus were higher than those for Microcystis, while under light source of I1, the sedimentation coefficient was lower than that for Microcystis. The different cell structures lead to different vertical migrating processes: Microcystis keeps balance between buoyancy and gravity using gas-filled structures, whereas, Scenedesmus suspend through clothing a large number of bristles with a complex structure around cells, resulting high viscous forces to help to reducing sinking rates.

• Periodical: Advanced Materials Research (Volumes 518-523)
• Pages: 558-564
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.518-523.558
• Online since: May 2012
• Authors: Yu Ling Huang, Ping Zhang, Chun Zhu, Zhao Hong Zhou
• Keywords: Algal Bloom, Illumination, Microcystis, Scenedesmus, Vertical Migration

References

[1] ILEC/Lake Biwa Research Institute [Ed], 1988-1993. Survey of the state of the world's lakes. Volumes I-IV. International Lake Environment Committee, Otsu and United Nations Environment Programme, Nairobi.

[2] D.H. Cushing. The vertical migration of planktonic Crustacea. Biol. Rev. Cambridge Phil. Soc. 1951, 26, pp.158-192.

[3] J.T. Enright, W.M. Hammer. Vertical diurnal migration and endogenous rhythmicity. Science 1967, 157 (3791), p.937–941.

DOI: 10.1126/science.157.3791.937

[4] S. Richards, H.P. Possingham, J. Noye. Diel vertical migration: modeling light-mediated mechanisms. Journal of Plankton Research 1996, 18 (12), p.2199–2222.

DOI: 10.1093/plankt/18.12.2199

[5] Y. Sarojini, N. S. Sarma. Vertical distribution of phytoplankton around Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Bay of Bengal. Indian Journal of marine Sciences, 2001, 30, pp.65-69.

[6] P. M. Visser, J. Passarge, L. R. Mur. Modelling vertical migration of the cyanobacterium Microcystis. Hydrobiologia 1997, 349, p.99–109.

[7] A. Howard. Computer simulation modelling of buoyancy change in Microcystis. Hydrobiologia 1997, 349, p.111–117.

[8] A. Howard. Modeling movement patterns of the cyanobacterium, Microcystis. Ecological Applications 2001, 11(1), p.304–310.

DOI: 10.1890/1051-0761(2001)011[0304:mmpotc]2.0.co;2

[9] S. Rabouille, M.J. Salençon, J, M. Thébault. Functional analysis of Microcystis vertical migration: A dynamic model as a prospecting tool I—Processes analysis. Ecological Modelling 2005a, 188, p.386–403.

DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2005.02.015

[10] S. Rabouille, M.J. Salençon. Functional analysis of Microcystis vertical migration: a dynamic model as a prospecting tool. II. Influence of mixing, thermal stratification and colony diameter on biomass production. Aquat Microb Ecol. 2005b, Vol. 39, p.281–292.

DOI: 10.3354/ame039281

[11] X. Wu and F. Kong. Effects of Light and Wind Speed on the Vertical Distribution of Microcystis aeruginosa Colonies of Different Sizes during a Summer Bloom. Internat. Rev. Hydrobiol. 2009, 94 (3), p.258–266.

DOI: 10.1002/iroh.200811141

[12] M. C. Swift. Energetics of vertical migration in Chaoborus Trivittatus Larvae. A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of doctor of Philosophy, the University of British Columbia, 1974, p.1.

[13] A. Visser, J. Sigrun. Lipids, buoyancy and the seasonal vertical migration of Calanus finmarchicus. Fisheries Oceanography 1999, 8, p.100–106.

DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2419.1999.00001.x

[14] Eric von Elert, Georg Pohnert. Predator specificity of kairomones in diel vertical migration of Daphnia: a chemical approach. OIKOS 2000, 88 (1), p.119–128. DOI:10.1034/ j.1600 - 0706. 2000.880114.x.

DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0706.2000.880114.x

[15] L. Speekmann, S. M. Bollens, S. R. Avent. The effect of ultraviolet radiation on the vertical distribution and mortality of estuarine zooplankton. Journal of Plankton Research, 2000, 22(12), pp.2325-2350.

DOI: 10.1093/plankt/22.12.2325

[16] T. Kobari, T. Ikeda. Ontogenetic vertical migration and life cycle of Neocalanus Plumchrus (Crustacea: Copepoda) in the Oyashio Region, with notes on regional variations in body size. Journal of Plankton Research 2001, 23 (3), p.287–302.

DOI: 10.1093/plankt/23.3.287

[17] K. Steinberg, S. A. Goldthwait, D. A. Hansell. Zooplankton vertical migration and the active transport of dissolved organic and inorganic nitrogen in the Sargasso Sea. Deep-Sea Research I 2002, 49 (8), p.1445–1461. DOI: 10.1016/S0967-0637(02)00037-7.ISBN 1493597039.

DOI: 10.1016/s0967-0637(02)00037-7

[18] Y. Huang, D Liu, M Chen. Simulation of algae bloom under different flow velocity. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2008, 19(10): 2293-2298.

[19] X. Wang. Analysis methods of water and wastewater (the 4th Version.) Beijing: China environmental Science Press. In Chinese (2004).

[20] J. Kromkamp, A. E.Walsby. A computer model of buoyancy and vertical migration in cyanobacteria. Journal of Plankton Research 1990, Vol.12 No. l pp.161-183.

DOI: 10.1093/plankt/12.1.161

[21] Y. Huang. Study on the Formation and Disappearance mechanism of Algal Bloom in the Xiangxi river Bay at Three Gorges Reservoir. A thesis for the degree of doctor of Philosophy, the Sci-tech University of Agriculture and Forestry, 2007, p.125.

[22] S. Wu and W. Chen. Vertical migration of Microcystis and Scenedesmus and its ecological significance. Ecologic Science, 2004, 23(3), pp.244-248 (in Chinese).

[23] L. Barsanti, P. Gualtieri. Algae: Anatomy, Biochemistry, and Biotechnology. CRC Press, Taylor and Francis Group, Boca Raton, FL, USA (2006).

DOI: 10.1086/511594