Surface Characteristics, Chemical Composition and Ni Release of NiTi Wire in Different pH

Abstract:

Objective: To study the surface characteristics, chemical composition and Ni release from simulated standard fixed orthodontic appliance ligated with two differently priced nickel titanium (NiTi) archwires in artificial saliva at pH 5.14 and 6.69 for 4 weeks at 37oC. Materials and Methods: Two commercial NiTi rectangular wire (Ormco and Smart), 0.016 x 0.022 in size were studied. Their surface characteristics were evaluated: surface morphology by scanning electron microscope, surface roughness by surface roughness tester and grain structure analysis by optical microscope. Their chemical composition was analyzed by an energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDC). For Ni release, twenty-eight simulated standard fixed orthodontic appliance samples sets, each set corresponding to one half-maxillary arch were used. Sample sets were divided in 2 groups (14 sets per group). The first group was ligated with Ormco NiTi archwires (USA) and the second with Smart NiTi archwires (China) with elastomeric ligatures. Half sets of each group were immersed in 50 ml artificial saliva at pH 5.14, and the other half at pH 6.69. Ni release was quantified with the use of flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Statistical analysis of variance was determined on days 1, 4, 7, 9, 14, 21 and 28 comparing Ni release between the groups and t-test was determined the difference between pH 5.14 and pH 6.69. Results: The suface morphology showed striations along the longitudinal axes. The Ormco NiTi wire had more surface roughness than Smart NiTi wire and the diameter of grain sizes were 2-8 μm. The chemical composition of the two NiTi wires was Ni, Ti, Cu, Al, and Cr but there was difference in the percentage of elements. Both Ormco NiTi and Smart NiTi wires continuously increased Ni release at time intervals at both pH levels. The Ormco NiTi wire had more Ni release at pH 6.69 than pH 5.14 but Smart NiTi wire had more Ni release at pH 5.14 than 6.69. At 4 weeks, the Ni release of one half-maxillary arch was 1.221 ppm (1221 μg/l) at pH 5.14, 1.267 ppm (1267 μg/l) at pH6.69 for Ormco NiTi wire and 2.175 ppm (2175 μg/l) at pH 5.14, 0.676 ppm (676 μg/l) at pH 6.69 for Smart NiTi wire. No significant difference was found in Ni release from Ormco and Smart NiTi wires at pH 5.14. At pH 6.69, no significant difference was found in Ni release from Ormco NiTi wires while Smart NiTi wire showed significant difference (p <0.05) on days 14, 21 and 28. Conclusion: Ni release depends on surface characteristics and chemical composition of archwires and pH.

• Periodical: Advanced Materials Research (Volumes 884-885)
• Pages: 586-592
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.884-885.586
• Online since: January 2014
• Authors: Peerapong Tua-Ngam, Surachai Dechkunakorn*, Niwat Anuwongnukroh
• Keywords: Chemical Composition, Ni Release, NiTi, pH, Surface Characteristics

References

[1] Kazantzis G. Role of cobalt, iron, lead, manganese, mercury, platinum, selenium and titanium in carcinogenesis. Environ Health Perspect 1981; 40: 143-61.

DOI: 10.1289/ehp.8140143

[2] Grandjean P. Human exposure to nickel. IARC Sci Publ 1984; 55: 469-85.

[3] Underwood EJ. Trace elements in human and animal nutrition. 4th ed, New York: Academic Press 1977: 337-43, 352-3.

[4] Petillli FL, DeFlora S. Metabolic reduction of chromium as a threshold mechanism limiting its in vivo activity. Sci Total Environ 1988; 71: 357-64.

[5] Ducheyne P, Willems G, Martens M, Helsen J. In vivo metal ion release from porous titanium-fiber material. J Biomed Mater Ress 1984; 18: 293-308.

DOI: 10.1002/jbm.820180306

[6] Peltonen L,. Nickel sensitivity in the general population. Contact Dermatitis. 1979; 5: 27-32.

[7] Namikoshi T, Yoshimatsu T, Suga K, Fujii H, Yasuda K. The prevalence of sensitivity to constituents of dental alloys. J Oral Rehabil 1990; 17: 377-81.

DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2842.1990.tb00022.x

[8] De Silva BD, Doherty VR. Nickel allergy from orthodontic appliances. Contact Dermatitis 2000; 42: 102-3.

[9] Counts AL, Miller MA, Khakhria ML, Strange S. Nickel allergy associated with a transpalatal arch appliance. J Orofac Orthop 2002; 63: 509-15.

DOI: 10.1007/s00056-002-0128-z

[10] Shelley BW. Gingival hyperplasia from dental braces. Cutis 1981; 28: 149-50.

[11] Greppi AL, Smith DC, Woodside DG. Nickel hypersensitivity reactions in orthodontic patients: a literature review. Univ Tor Den J 1981; 3: 11-4.

[12] Janson GRP, Dainesi EA, Consolaro A, Woodside DG, Freitas MR. Nickel hypersensitivity reaction before, during and after orthodontic therapy. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 1998; 113: 655-60.

DOI: 10.1016/s0889-5406(98)70226-4

[13] Lindsten R, and Kurol J. Orthodontic appliances in relation to nickel hypersensitivity: a review. J Orofac Orthop 1997; 58: 100-8.

[14] Starkjaer L, Menne T. Nickel allergy and orthodontic treatment Eur I Orthod 1990; 12: 284-9.

[15] Cohen LM, Cohen JL. Erythema multiform associated with contact dermatitis to poison ivy: three cases and review of literature. Cutis 1998; 62: 139-42.

[16] Bruce GJ, Hall HB. Nickel hypersensitivity-related periodontitis. Compend Contin Edu Dent 1995; 12: 178, 180-4.

[17] Lamster IB, Kalfus DI, Steigerwald PJ, Chasens AI. Rapid loss of alveolar bone association with nonprecious alloy crowns in two patients with nickel hypersensitivity. J Periodontol 1987; 58: 486-92.

DOI: 10.1902/jop.1987.58.7.486

[18] Bishara SE, Barret RD, Selim M. Biodegradation of orthodontic appliances. Part II. Changes in the blood level of nickel. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 1993; 103: 115-9.

DOI: 10.1016/s0889-5406(05)81760-3

[19] Erdemir A, Carter WB, Hochman RF. A study of corrosion behavior of TiN films Mater Sci Eng 1985; 69: 89-93.

[20] Otsuka K, Wayman. Shape memory materials. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press; 1998, pp.49-148.

[21] ASM International, Metals Handbook, volume 2. Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys and Special-Purpose Materials. 10th ed. USA; 1990: 898-902.

DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v02.9781627081627

[22] Castleman LS, Motzkin SM. Biocompatibility of clinical implant materials. CXC Series in Biocompatibility, CRC Press (1981).

[23] Dechkunakorn S, Isarapatanapong R, Anuwongnukroh N, Chiranavanit N, Kajorchaiyakul J and Khantachawana A. Mechanical properties of several NiTi alloy wires in three-point bending tests. Applied Mechanics and Materials 2011; 87: 14-19.

DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.87.14

[24] Isarapatanapong R, Dechkunakorn S, Anuwongnukroh N, Chiranavanit N, Kajorchaiyakul J and Khantachawana A. Composition and transitional temperature range of several nickel-titatium alloy wires in orthodontic treatment. Applied Mechanics and Materials 2011; 87: 20-25.

DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.87.20

[25] Schroeder HA, Balassa JJ, Tipton IH. Abnormal trace metals in man-nickel. J Chron Dis 1962; 15: 51-65.

DOI: 10.1016/0021-9681(62)90101-7

[26] Sundgren JE. Structure and properties of TiN coatings. Thin Solid Films 1985; 128: 21-44.

DOI: 10.1016/0040-6090(85)90333-5

[27] Motojima S, Kohno M. Corrosion and abrasion resistivities to sea water and whirled sea sand of TiN coated stainless. Thin Solid Films 1986; 137: 59-63.

DOI: 10.1016/0040-6090(86)90194-x

[28] Staffolani N, Damiani F, Lilli C, Guerra M, Staffolani N.J., Belcastro S, Locci P. Ion release from orthodontic appliances J of Dentistry 1999; 27: 449-454.

DOI: 10.1016/s0300-5712(98)00073-6