Predicting Hardness of Four Groundwater Monitoring Stations in Kaohsiung City of Taiwan Using Seven Types of GM (1, 1) Model

Tzu Yi Pai; Ray Shyan Wu; Ching Ho Chen; Li Chen; Ching Yuan Lin; Hsin Yi Lee; Li Hua Shih; Yu Ze Jiang; Ching Yin Shen

doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.905.314

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HomeAdvanced Materials ResearchAdvanced Materials Research Vol. 905Predicting Hardness of Four Groundwater Monitoring...

Predicting Hardness of Four Groundwater Monitoring Stations in Kaohsiung City of Taiwan Using Seven Types of GM (1, 1) Model

Abstract:

In this study, seven types of first-order and one-variable grey differential equation model (abbreviated as GM (1, 1) model) were used to predict the hardness of four groundwater monitoring stations in Kaohsiung City of Taiwan. The mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) was used to evaluate the predicting performance. The results indicated the minimum MAPE of 4.71 %, 3.15 %, 2.66 %, and 16.63 % could be achieved when predicting hardness of Fonsi, Datung, Shaukang, and Chihsien stations, respectively. According to the results, it revealed that GM (1, 1) was an efficiently early warning tool for providing groundwater quality information to the competent authority.

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Periodical:

Advanced Materials Research (Volume 905)

Pages:

314-317

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.905.314

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Online since:

April 2014

Authors:

Tzu Yi Pai*, Ray Shyan Wu, Ching Ho Chen, Li Chen, Ching Yuan Lin, Hsin Yi Lee, Li Hua Shih, Yu Ze Jiang, Ching Yin Shen

Keywords:

GM(1,1), Grey Model, Grey System Theory, Groundwater Quality, Hardness

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