Advances in Science and Technology Vol. 132

Abstract: The industrial manufacturing systems are increasing in complexity to market changes. One of the best challenges of this complex systems is reach the schedule production baches without unexpected failures, looking for the zero defects. The presence of Multistage Machines (MSM) at industrial manufacturing systems allow to produce big batches in very short times. Nevertheless, these types of machines normally are manufactured as an ad hoc machine and have not maintenance strategies tested for preventive or predictive actions. Also, if a component of this machine fails, the entire machine fails, causing the loss of the production batch. Recent publications have developed local preventive and predictive maintenance strategies for industrial multistage machines, as an individual machines with local work conditions in different places. Nevertheless, the accumulated knowledge of a MSM cannot be used as relevant information to improve maintenance actions in other MSM. This research develops and proposes a network system, called Master Maintenance Management (MMM) to establish a continuous connection with all MSM, working as a datalogger who collects all relevant information for all MSM and suggest maintenance warning predictive and preventive warnings for machines and use them for preventive actions in the rest of each MSM working at the same conditions. So, the capability of one machine for take a local predictive action is performed by the MMM to take a preventive action in the other machines connected to the same network. This approach has been developed with thermoforming multistage machines, who have local preventive maintenance strategy based on individual maintenance times and predictive maintenance strategy based on some distributed sensors in the machine and a behaviour algorithm, called Digital Behaviour Twin (DBT). The most relevant benefits of this approach are the limitation of unexpected failures in the connected machines by using accumulated information of other MSM, the change of the predictive actions to preventive actions, and the machine perform by design changes suggested with all the database collected.

Abstract: Product data management is the practice of assimilating, processing, protecting, and storing product data. One of the main concepts of Industry 4.0 is the application of data-driven policies to optimise industrial processes and monitor product life cycles. Consequently, a data management discipline within an organisation has become increasingly prioritised to address significant challenges such as data silos, security risks and general decision-making bottlenecks. The application of digital transformation technologies is needed to capture data from various industrial operations and product status in a smarter way. In addition, the data that is collected can be very useful in the maintenance phase of a product; in fact, it allows us to know the 'history' of the product under consideration, thus making risk factors understandable and giving us the possibility of defining intervention methods well in advance. The implementation of Blockchain (BC) technology in the storage of data that can be used for the maintenance of a product, can be seen as a solution to the problems behind the management of product data, in fact, it allows the acquisition, storage and processing of these in a secure, transparent, and decentralised environment. The present work in this regard studies the effects of BC on the performance of a product data management system in the maintenance process. The main critical issues in maintenance data management were identified and the potential of using blockchain technology was studied. A framework was developed to reproduce the operation of a BC for maintenance data management, and a set of key performance indicators (KPIs) were outlined to assess the effects of BC on the performance of a product data management system in the maintenance process. The results demonstrate that it is possible to improve a company's performance and make it more resilient through the collection of data within the BC, as it allows in-depth analysis during product maintenance planning and provides decision-makers with a single source of truth and insight to make complex decisions.

Abstract: In today’s society, technology dominates most areas of human life. In particular, video games play an important role and manufacturing companies do not stop innovating to present their interactivity and playability through the hardware they introduce in the market. To be competitive in this sector it is necessary to innovate from the early stages of design to obtain products that are totally innovative in their form and interactivity but that do not cause difficulties in the subsequent manufacturing phase. By applying emotional design methodologies we will be able to establish requirements and design specifications necessary to present innovative controls to the market and facilitate the subsequent manufacturing processes. This method will be applied considering the haptic part of the controller, mainly the enveloping part, to define its characteristics, from the manufacturing point of view, to obtain an innovative product that connects with the emotions and sensations of the end user, including new functionalities in the market. To design the external part of the controller through the proposed methodology for the design of the external surfaces, also for the grips, ergonomics will be taken into account.

Abstract: It is known that natural designs are more efficient and functionality-aimed than human designs. Historically, human beings have tried to mimic the way nature designs or the natural designs themselves. However, it turned out that it was usually too complex for the technology of the time. Today there exists the opportunity to mimic most natural designs due to advances in computational power and improvements in manufacturing methods. This can lead to a major weight reduction in the metallic components used, which is a key aspect in many engineering areas such as the aerospace, automotive or energetic industries. This study shows how these bioinspired designs can improve designer experience-based designs in several ways i.e.: mechanical behavior, part number reduction, weight reduction, etc. The components analyzed here will be metallic based on aluminum. It will be also shown the significance of the manufacturing-oriented design so the iteration times are reduced between the CAD and the CAM or the reduction of prototype manufacturing itself. Of course, these designs need to be validated mechanically via CAE and the CAM will also be used to avoid uncertainty during advanced manufacturing processes. Finally, the results of the real manufacturing process are going to be shown so the end-to-end cycle is complete.

Abstract: Reverse engineering, or the creation of models from physical objects, is increasingly being used in many industries including manufacturing, automotive design, and computer animation. The presented work focuses on the issue of data preparation for reverse engineering. The aim of the thesis is to map the issues of working with the Zeiss LineScan optical sensor on a 3D coordinate measuring machine in the metrology laboratory of the Regional Institute of Technology at the University of West Bohemia. The aim of the work was to map the software setting options supplied by the sensor manufacturer. The sensor can obtain clouds of three types of points: RSL (Raw Scan Lines - measured points, directly recorded by the scanner, without further adjustments), GSL (Gridded Scan Lines - points reduced and grouped into a grid of a given step), and QSP (Qualified Surface points - compressed and grouped points into a given grid). The evaluation of the experiment revealed the ideal setting for the specified measurement conditions. Reference objects with nominal lengths of 100 mm and 500 mm were chosen. The data required for evaluating each sensor setting were obtained through a series of measurements of these objects. The output of the experiment is a comparison of each option for setting up the scanning method. GSL points with a step setting of 0.1 mm were evaluated as the most suitable setting for measuring objects with similar shapes. They showed stable deviations within the selected tolerance of ± 0.03 mm for all measurement variations. RSL and QSP points, on the other hand, showed less stability of deviations across the measurements.

Abstract: The growing competitiveness of the manufacturing market and the increasingly strict reliability standards are raising up the adoption of highly accelerating tests HALT and HASS in the engineering stage of a new product. A reliability growth program primarily benefits the manufacturer, who will be able to plan with greater confidence the optimal warranty and the product performance during its useful life. However, there is actually a divergence between design reliability and field reliability. Furthermore, the energy consumption caused by the highly accelerating tests represents a significant cost both economically and environmentally. In this work we are proposing the tailoring of HALT and HASS as a solution for both reliability growth and energy saving. The approach points on data collected from Hitachi Rail. Discussion and results, even though in a methodological and probabilistic map, confirmed the convenience of tailored test over personalized usage.

Abstract: After the process of design, selection of materials, prototyping and manufacture of an enclosure intended to protect electronic systems installable outdoors, it remains to describe the behavior of these enclosures, in order to ensure that the electronics installed inside are protected from the environment in which it is installed. For this, different tests of mechanical, thermal, natural aging, artificial aging and sealing natures must be accomplished. For some of the afore mentioned examinations there are directly applicable regulations, while in more specific situations, the particularities of the enclosure and its use requirements, force to an adaptation of the procedures applied to these requirements. Based on this, a method and a test plan are proposed to make sure that the system is protected against the environmental conditions in which it is installed, both for the purposes of humidity, solid particles, mechanical or thermal stresses, as for the action of aging by ultraviolet radiation among other circumstances.

Abstract: In recent years, hybrid additive and subtractive manufacturing has made its way as a new approach to manufacturing complex parts, with high added value and high requirements, imposed by the leading sectors of the industry, among which the aeronautical industry stands out. This still novel concept combines the additive manufacturing ability to generate parts with complex geometry and the great dimensional, geometric, and surface quality that allows the already mature subtractive manufacturing, and it does so by surpassing the concept of post-processing machining. Thus, the integration of both forms of manufacturing from the design phase of the parts to the final finish seeks to obtain results superior to those of traditional manufacturing methods, paying special attention to reducing waste and saving materials, something of special importance in the case of superalloys used in the aeronautical industry. This work reviews the scientific literature published in recent years and studies the development, current presence and projection of hybrid additive and subtractive manufacturing in the aeronautical industry. The processes used, the specific applications, the manufactured parts and the materials used, as well as the advantages and disadvantages compared to other manufacturing processes and the lines of the future both in industry and in the field of research, are addressed.

Abstract: This work aims to perform a scientific mapping using advanced tools and R libraries to evaluate from a quantitative and qualitative point of view the evolution of the field of Additive Manufacturing (AM). A descriptive analysis of the data will be applied for the creation of attributes that allow its normalization and the visualization of its temporal evolution, as well as the measurement of the impact of the sources and the frequency of publication using Lotka's law. With all this, the weight and importance of AM in the evolution of different fields (materials science, engineering, computer science, etc.) will be established and the trend in research work will be analyzed both quantitatively (evolution of the number of publications in each field, quantitative impact indexes of publications and qualitatively. All this will allow the reader to know, on the one hand, the temporal evolution of advanced in AM, and on the other hand, the reader will be able to have a "still picture" of the current situation that can be taken as references for the prospective analysis of the technique in a complementary way to that provided in business studies.

Abstract: Today, a great challenge exists in predicting and assessing the behaviour of the diverse actors within planning systems. Furthermore, the effects and impacts of human decisions and actions are normally not considered in the planning process. Moreover, uncertain events and disruptions increase the lack of planning accuracy in which traditional planning driven methods often failed resulting in major deviations between expected and actual outcomes representing a great risk. In addition, the cause of the differences is often difficult to find due to the focus on the technical ideal planning method, i.e., the risk is difficult to mitigate based on this traditional approach. Thus, the purpose of the research is to develop a conceptual model on how to bring any planning system from its theoretical and ideal perspective to a reality and human-oriented planning by integrating the human factor in the planning system. The paper presents a global planning system and a conceptual model to develop the human-oriented planning model in the supply chain. A general description of how to apply it in the different supply chain areas such as procurement, production, and distribution planning is described. Moreover, the model is applied in specific cases to close the gap by generating profiles. Therefore, the model pursues to consider the behaviour of the actors and human agents within the planning within information systems thanks to quality tools. Finally, a discussion of implications in current information systems is performed.