Lipids Extraction from Wet and Unbroken Microalgae Chlorella vulgaris Using Subcritical Water

Abstract:

Lipids extraction from wet and unbroken microalgae (Chlorella vulgaris) using subcritical water with aid of co-solvents has been investigated. Lipids extraction from wet and unbroken microalgae has a crucial role in order to eliminate dewatering and drying steps. Subcritical water is able to extract lipids from feedstock with high water content. This work was conducted to study several factors affecting in subcritical water extraction (SWE) from wet and unbroken microalgae. In this study, effect of co-solvent types (without co-solvent, chloroform, methanol, ethanol, ethyl acetate, and n-hexane) under subcritical water (microalgae = 5g (dry weight), moisture content= 94.12%, T= 160°C, P = 80 bar, t= 30 min), extraction time (15 min, 30 min, 1 h, 3 h, and 5 h), and temperature (160^o C, 180^o C and 200^o C) on yield of lipids were investigated orderly. Yield of lipids obtained without co-solvent (water polarity index = 10.2) and with co-solvents of methanol (PI=5.1), ethanol (PI=5.2), chloroform (PI=4.1), ethyl acetate (PI=4.4), and n-hexane (PI=0.1) were 38.73%, 26.47%, 26.12%, 51.93%, 53.40%, and 25.59%, respectively compared to the yield of lipids extracted using Bligh and Dyer method. Ethyl acetate is solvent with moderate PI, therefore can extract more lipids that is also have moderate polarity. Ethyl acetate shows a good performance to extract lipids from wet and unbroken microalgae because ethyl acetate can extract broader range of lipids including neutral and polar lipids. This study also found that increasing of extraction time and temperature to extract lipids in subcritical water condition can increase yield of lipids.

• Periodical: Materials Science Forum (Volume 964)
• Pages: 103-108
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.964.103
• Online since: July 2019
• Authors: Siti Zullaikah*, Maria Christy P. Jessinia, Rinaldi Rinaldi, Medina Yasmin, M. Rachimoellah, Da Wei Wu
• Keywords: Chlorella vulgaris, Co-Solvent, Subcritical Water, Yield of Lipids

References

[1] Tran Nguyen P L, Woo Go A, Huynh L H, Ju Y-H. (2013). A study on the mechanism of subcritical water treatment to maximize extractable cellular lipids,. Biomass and Bioenergy. 59:532-539.

DOI: 10.1016/j.biombioe.2013.08.031

[2] Zhu L, Nugroho YK, Shakeel SR, Li Z, Martinkauppi B, Hiltunen E. (2017). Using microalgae to produce liquid transportation biodiesel: What is next?,. Renewable Sustainable Energy Reviews. 78:391-400.

DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2017.04.089

[3] Zhou D, Qiao B, Li G, Xue S, Yin J. (2017). Continuous production of biodiesel from microalgae by extraction coupling with transesterification under supercritical conditions,. Bioresource Technology. 238:609–15.

DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.04.097

[4] Hasnain S, Ahmed I, Rizwan M, Rashid N, Mahmood Q, Ali F, et al. (2018). Potential of microalgal biodiesel production and its sustainability perspectives in Pakistan,. Renewable Sustainable Energy Reviews. 8176-92.

DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2017.07.044

[5] Tan XB, Lam MK, Uemura Y, Lim JW, Wong CY, Lee KT. (2018). Cultivation of microalgae for biodiesel production : A review on upstream and downstream processing,. Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering. 26:17-30.

DOI: 10.1016/j.cjche.2017.08.010

[6] Shumbulo E, Ki D. (2018) Microalgae to biofuels : Promising alternative and renewable energy, review,. Renewable Sustainable Energy Reviews. 81:743-55.

DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2017.08.042

[7] Chen J, Li J, Dong W, Zhang X, Tyagi R D, Drogui P, et al. (2018). The potential of microalgae in biodiesel production,. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 90:336-46.

DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2018.03.073

[8] Roux J-M, Lamotte H, Achard J-L. (2017). An overview of microalgae lipid extraction in a biorefinery framework,. Sustainable Solutions for Energy and Environment, EENVIRO 2016. 112:680-88.

DOI: 10.1016/j.egypro.2017.03.1137

[9] Reddy H K, Muppaneni T, Sun Y, Li Y, Ponnusamy S, D. Patil P, et al. (2014). Subcritical water extraction of lipids from wet algae for biodiesel production,. Fuel. 133:73-81.

DOI: 10.1016/j.fuel.2014.04.081

[10] Reddy H K, Muppaneni T, Ponnusamy S, Sudasingle N, Pegallapati A, Selvaratnam T, et al. (2016). Temperature effect on hydrothermal liquefaction of nannochloropsis gaditana and chlorella sp.,. Applied Energy. 165:943-51.

DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.11.067

[11] Caporgno M P, Pruvost J, legrand J, Lepine O, Tazerout M, Bengoa C. (2016). Hydrothermal liquefaction of nannochloropsis oceanica in different solvents,. Bioresource Technology. 214:404-10.

DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.04.123

[12] Thiruvenkadam S, Izhar S, Yoshida H, K.Danquah M, Harun R. (2015). Process application of subcritical water extraction (SWE) for algal bio-products and biofuels production,. Applied Energy. 154:815-28.

DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.05.076

[13] Bligh, E.G & dyer W.J. (1959). A rapid method of total lipid extracton and purification., Manuscript received February 27, 1959. Contribution from the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Technological Station, Halifax, Nova Scotia. Can. J. Biochem. Physiol. Vol. 37.

DOI: 10.1139/o59-099

[14] Park J, Kim B, Chang Y K, W.Lee J. (2017). Wet in situ transesterification of microalgae using ethyl acetate as a co-solvent and reactant,. Bioresource and Technology. 230:8-14.

DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.01.027

[15] Halim, Ronald et al, (2012). Extraction of oil from microalgae for biodiesel production: A review., Biotechnology Advances. 30:709–732.

DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2012.01.001

[16] Lu et al, (2015). Characteristics of lipid extraction from Chlorella sp. cultivated in outdoor raceway ponds with mixture of ethyl acetate and ethanol for biodiesel production,. Bioresource Technology. 191:433–437.

DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.02.069