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It is equal to the ratio of reduction by tube wall Δt/t to reduction by its diameter ΔD/D, where t – thickness of wall and D – diameter of tube.
Mean values of coefficients αc and αa at 350oC, found for a number of literature data [6], are equal to 5.5 deg-1 and 8.8 deg-1, respectively.
Summary As obtained experimental data show, the layer-by-layer texture gradient is sufficient for noticeable variations of dimensional thermal changes in successive layers.
Fesenko, Current Methods of Experimental Construction of Textured Complete Direct Pole Figures from X-Ray Data, Industrial Laboratory, vol. 79, № 7-1 (2013) 25-32

The model consists of Data Input, Objective Function, Constraints and Output Results.
To verify this, we use the data from EIA（Energy Information Administration） and Southwestern Energy annual report [4] to simulate the shale gas production learning curve.
China’s future gas supply data come from IEA（International Energy Agency）report [5].
When coal price rises by 200 yuan/t and requires a 30% GHG reduction below 2010 by 2030, gas-powered generation will account for 12.96 percent of total generating capacity, up from 1.90 percent in 2010, and coal-powered generation will account for 57.37 percent of total generating capacity, down from 78.24 percent in 2010 (Fig. 4.).
Coal price raising 200yuan/t and 30% CO2 reduction target Conclusions On the basis of the modeling results, several comprehensive conclusions can be drawn up with respect to the power system of China.

(6) Take up the data of chronological wind power in a follow-up new moment, and retain this data in the historical sequence, remove the oldest data in, then continue to generate a new sequence following the above steps until up to the specified time.
Then put the obtained data by GM (1, 1) model into the formula of gray evaluation model and can solve the corresponding C-value for each set of data (as shown in Table 2).
Only when the original data develop as index law and the speed is not so fast, we will get the best prediction data using this model to analyze and predict.
Finally, it must be pointed out that the related basic data in China's current wind power development is not perfect, which results in the lack of necessary data sources of wind power prediction research.
Therefore, relevant departments should make efforts on the collection, collation and publication of wind power basic data.

This method shows a great potential for the cost-effective reduction of reflectance losses in industrial silicon solar cell manufacturing.
First, during the chemical reaction, the reduction of HNO3 leads to the evolution of NO gas bubbles which negatively impact the homogeneity of the PS layer thickness and porosity over the surface.
The internal quantum efficiency (IQE) was calculated from the spectral response and reflectivity data.
The influence of the PS layer on the electrical properties of the solar cells is illustrated by the illuminated I-V data in Table I.

Temperature monitoring shows a reduction of 5~8 degrees than usual.
The test data shows that the Al cylinder meets the design requirements of the power and torque of the engine, and the temperature monitoring shows a reduction of 5~8 degrees than usual.
The test data shows that the aluminum alloy cylinder meets the design requirements of the 600 cc water-cooled engine.

The as-synthesized products of Al2O3-WC2-WC powders were concurrently formed and the reduction of W2C phase was found when added diluents in precursors.
An excellent agreement between model results and experimental data from this study was obtained.
WO3(s) + 2Al(s) = W(s) + Al2O3 (s) (3) W(s) + C(s) = WC(s) (4) 2W(s) + C(s) = W2C(s) (5) W2C(s) + C(s) = 2WC(s) (6) The theoretical calculated of Gibbs energy of reaction from reaction in Eq. 2 to 6 at different temperature was performed using thermodynamics data [16] Figure 3 shows the calculated results of Gibbs energy of reaction versus temperature.
The additional diluents phases of Al2O3 and NaCl to the precursors resulted in the reduction of W and W2C phases in the products.

In the final stage of drying, the decrease of hydrogen bonds in water molecules resulting from a plentiful reduction in free water, as well as the increased permeability within the wood caused by the microwave drying makes the relaxation time of free water to rise up.
Therefore, experimental data will be expected to provide for studying the principle of microwave drying of wood and the mechanism of water migration, and then provide a scientific basis for appropriate application of the technology of wood microwave drying.
Table 1 The Center of Samples Sample Time of Microwave Operation [min] Moisture Content [%] Degree [%] T2(1) [ ms] Degree [%] T2(2) [ ms] Number A 0 73.62 49.4 6.8 39.6 67 B 15 54.27 34.9 6.37 30.9 46.6 C 25 32.77 30.9 5.1 12.1 45.9 D 35 18.62 20.3 2.06 3.42 79 E 55 1.8 3.1 3.1 3.28 87 Table 2 The Edge of Samples Sample Time of Microwave Operation [min] Moisture Content [%] Degree [%] T2(1) [ ms] Degree [%] T2(2) [ ms] Number A 0 73.62 52.4 6.9 38.7 65.4 B 15 54.27 36.1 5.81 32.9 48.4 C 25 32.77 31.2 5.09 14.1 45.2 D 35 18.62 30.7 3.7 5.73 56 E 55 1.8 3.1 3.1 3.28 87 Results and discussion Data based on the NMR detection are shown in Table 1 and Table 2.
In the final stage of drying, the decrease of hydrogen bonds in water molecules resulting from a plentiful reduction in free water, as well as the increased permeability within the wood caused by the microwave drying makes the relaxation time of free water to rise up.

Some iron-based materials such as LiFeO2, and Li5FeO4 have been researched, but they were not suitable for the application due to a low oxidation-reduction potential of Fe 3+/Fe 2+ or poor cycle reversibility.
The formation of such a homogeneous composite can be considered to have effects on: enhancement of electronic conductivity in cathode, reduction of lithium diffusion length in active material, and an increase of surface area.
Reversible oxidation and reduction peaks were observed at around 3.4 V.
In the figure, data of LiFePO4 containing 1% Nb [4] and mixture of individually-synthesized LiFePO4 and carbon (50wt%) are also represented.

Even if the global warming is unconcerned with the carbon emission, the idea of the low-carbon which ask us to have the energy conversation idea and have the carbon emission reduction idea and have the sustainable development idea should be advocated today.
The whole life period of the construction project management Phases Process Major work Project Conception Projectfinish Project checking and using Project beginning to build Project Approval The planning phase Design and planning phases Construction phase Running and finish phase Project conception, environment inquiry, collecting data, project proposal, practicability study, land value evaluation, risk analysis, project appraisal and decision Project management organization establishment, design management, inviting and submitting project bids, implementation of the preparatory work Project range management, progress control, cost control, quality control, risk management, materials and equipment management, the scene and environmental management, information management Project checking and acceptance, cost estimation, project running, project appraisal after project running, capital pay-off and project tracking The project management is a kind
In the whole project conception and design phase, we should have the sustainable development concept and we should use the green building materials in order to reach energy-saving and carbon emission reduction requirements.
The key that the project construction process and the project products reach the goal of " low consumption, low pollution, low emissions" is the design phase in which the energy saving, the energy emission reduction and the low pollution requirements are considered.

Table 1 provides key data in the variation of solid fraction with temperature for the various alloys.
However, a reduction in the rate of stress increase occurs at high solid fractions for the 6061 and the 5 wt% Si alloys.
This reduction can be explained by the formation of cracks as shown in Figure 2c for the alloy with 5 wt% Si.
Conversely, the alloy with 3wt% Mg exhibited only very few cracks after shearing (Figure 2d) so that the reduction in increase in the stress-solid fraction curve is much less pronounced.