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Because they contain no structure parameter, they are capable to describe the viscosities of pure polymer and polymer composites.
It is always difficult to describe the flow behavior of polymers because of their complex structure [1].
According to the theory, whatever the exact structure of the material, it can be regarded as being composed of a number of network junctions, during the flow deformation, these junctions are constantly destroyed and build-up.
The reason of the models can fit both pure polymers and polymer composites is that they contain no specific parameters of polymer structure.
The equations include no molecular structure parameters, so it is convenient to use them to predict the viscosities of melts for both pure polymers and polymer composites.

Crystal structure and surface morphology of the films were examined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and atomic force microscopy (AFM).
All of the films show strong peaks in (002) direction, implying a polycrystalline hexagonal wurzite crystal structure with a preferred c-axis orientation.
The crystalline structure and surface morphology of the ZnO films were analyzed by XRD and AFM, respectively.
High quality polycrystalline ZnO films with hexagonal wurtzite structure were observed.
Rusu: Materials Chemistry and Physics Vol. 123 (2010), p. 314

Gnedenkov1,c 1Institute of Chemistry FEB RAS, 159 100-letiya Vladivostoka Pr., Vladivostok 690022, Russia 2Far Eastern Federal University, 8 Sukhanova St., Vladivostok 690950, Russia apab@ich.dvo.ru*, bantokhina@ich.dvo.ru, csvg21@hotmail.com Keywords: superionic conductors, ammonium fluorocomplexes, impedance spectroscopy.
The structure and the activation energies of the charge transfer in these compounds were estimated.
Due to similarity of the IR spectra of the compounds in addition to the XRD data and taking into account the structure of the (NH4)6LiZr4F23, it was suggested that compounds (NH4)6LiZr4-nHfnF23 have a chain structure which is analogous to the structure of (NH4)6LiZr4F23.
Gnedenkov, High anionic conductivity of solids with different structure, Solid State Phenomena 213 (2014) 200–203
Antokhina, Crystal structure, phase transition, and ion dynamics in Li(NH4)6Zr4F23, Russ.

The crystal structure and photoluminescence properties of the phosphor, and the effect of S2- doping concentration on the photoluminescence intensity of Eu2+ was studied in details.
The results show that the crystal structure of Sr3SiO5: Eu2+ is not changed upon S2- doping.
As an efficient luminescent host, silicate-based phosphor [6] possess stable crystal structure, excellent chemical resistance, and high thermal stability.
The crystal structure of the product was characterized by X-ray power diffractometer (XRD, D/max-3B, CuKα, 40kv, 20mA).
Xu, et al.: Chinese Journal of Inorganic Chemistry Vol. 26 (2010), p1303 (In Chinese) [15] J K Park, K J Choi, K N Kim, et al.: Applied Physics Letters Vol. 87(2005), p0311081 [16] L.J.

Fig. 2 shows the structure of CaCO3 bridges precipitated between grains of only slightly compacted pure sand.
The fine structure of CaCO3 generated from the suspensions is well visible in Fig. 7.
Vigato in: Synthesis and Methodologies in Inorganic Chemistry SAMIC 2007, Bressanone (2007)
Vignoli in: On Site Assessment of Concrete, Masonry and Timber Structures SACoMaTiS 2008, edited by L.
Slížková: Material Science and Applied Chemistry (Materiālzinātne un lietišķā ķīmija), Sēria 1, 17 (2008), pp. 21-29

All their structures were confirmed by 31P NMR, 1H NMR and ESI-MS.
The structure of DPP 1 is similar to that of DPP 6 and their difference is only the C-terminus ended with different group, corresponding to –COOCH3 and –COOH, respectively.
Phosphoryl oligopeptides having extended structure, good molecular flexibility and smaller spatial hindrance could affect the protein conformation in solution.
Margoliash, “Primary structure and evolution of cytochrome C,” Proc.
Fitzgerald, “Mass spectrometry as a readout of protein structure and function,” Mass Spectrom.

Preparation and Characterization of SO42 -/Fe-Al-Activated Solid Acid Catalyst Xiang-ying Hao1,2,a*, Yu-li Zhang1,2,b, Guan-hua Shen1,2,c and Wen-sheng Wu1,d 1College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing, China 2College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Huhhot, China axyinghao@zqu.edu.cn, b185640454@qq.com, c994054380@qq.com, d37636221@qq.com Keywords: Crosslinking method, Solid acid, Turpentine, Hydration Abstract.
Fig. 3 The FT-IR spectra of the catalysts Fig. 4 The TG curve of the catalysts Effect of different n(Fe3+):n(Al3+) on the structure and catalytic activity of catalysts.
Effect of different n(Al3++ Fe3+):m(Actived Clay)(mmol/g) on the structure and catalytic activity of catalysts.
Liu, etc: The Preparation of Chromium Aluminum Pillared Montmorillonite and The Channel Structure [J].
Yan: The Preparation of the Doped Cobalt Solid Superacid of SO42-/SnO2 and the characterization of its structure [J].

An addition of lithium to replace the phosphate interstitial tends to compact the glass structure.
[2] Fengnian Wu, Sheng Li, Ziyuan Chang, Hongting Liu, Sanxi Huang, Yunlong Yue, “Local structure characterization and thermal properties of P2O5-MgO-Na2O-Li2O glasses doped with SiO2”, Journal of Molecular Structure, 1118 (2016) 42-47
Ghoshal, “Influence of Fe3O4 nanoparticles on structural, optical and magnetic properties of erbium doped zinc phosphate glass,” Materials Chemistry and Physics, 155 (2015) 155-161
Ardelean, “FT-IR, Raman and thermoluminescence investigation of P2O5–BaO–Li2O glass system”, Journal of Molecular Structure, 993 (2011) 249–253
Anavekar, “Optical, physical and structural studies of vanadium doped P2O5–BaO–Li2O glasses”, Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids, 75 (2014) 168–173

Fig. 3 Microscopic Structure of Drill Pipe Steel Tempered at Various Temperatures: (a) 580 ℃, (b) 625℃and (c) 680 ℃.
The carbide precipitates in different temper temperatures were analyzed in terms of their chemistry, size, location and morphology, as shown in Figure 4, 5 and 6.
Their structure based on selected-area electron diffraction (SAED) analysis is determined as Nb2C carbide with hexagonal close packed structure.
Their structure based on selected-area electron diffraction (SAED) analysis is determined as Nb2C carbide with hexagonal close packed structure.
For the new steel chemistry, this gives a precipitation strengthening contribution of about 670MPa when a grain size of 10μm is assumed.

INFLUENCE OF THE UREA CONTENT IN THE COMBUSTION SYNTHESIS FOR PREPARATION OF NiAl2O4 SUPPORT CATALYTIC TO STEAM REFORMING OF METHANE Elvia Leal1,a, Heloysa Martins Carvalho Andrade2,b, Ana Cristina Figueiredo de Melo Costa1,c 1Department of Materials Engineering - UFCG, Avenue Aprígio Veloso - 882, Bodocongó, 58109-970, Campina Grande - PB, Brazil. 2Institute of Chemistry - UFBA, Ondina, 40170-290, Salvador – BA, Brazil.
The effect of excess fuel on the structure and morphology of the produced powders was investigated, besides of its catalytic properties.
This behavior was expected, since high temperatures are necessary for Ni2+ migrate into the structure of NiAl2O4 spinel.
The increase in excess urea favored the migration of the nickel ion into the structure of NiAl2O4 spinel, and so, increasing the presence of active species in the catalysts surface, which contributed to a higher methane conversion.
[15] IUPAC, International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Handbook, Vol. 2 (1976), p.57