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CS　unit producing cost that saves when using recycling materials or components compared with using new raw materials, CS=CM-CN.
(3) CS, unit producing cost that saves when using recycling materials or components compared with using new raw materials.
Journal of Cleaner Production, 19(2011):680-686
Journal of Northeastern University (Natural Science), 2010, 31(12):1794-1797
Journal of Cleaner Production, 12 (2004):37-45

Modeling and Control with Hysteresis of Piezoelectric Smart Materials Actuators Yanmei Liu 1, a, Zhen Chen2, b, Xuezheng Zhuang 1,c , Zhaohui Liu 1,d 1 Department of Automation, Shenyang Aerospace University, Shenyang 110136, China 2 Liaoning province transmission and substation engineering company, Shenyang 110021, China alymcml@126.com, bchenzhensy@126.com, clymlczlymlcz@163.com,ddsbcz@126.com Keywords: Piezoelectric smart materials, Hysteresis, Inversion Model, Adaptive control.
Hysteresis hinders the effective use of piezoelectric smart materials in sensors and actuators.
Introduction Ionic polymer-metal composite (IPMC) as a piezoelectric smart materials is discovered by Oguro and his co-workers [1].
However like other smart materials, IPMC as a sort of piezoelectric actuator has the disadvantage of hysteresis behaviors [2].
Atherton, "Theory of ferromagnetic hysteresis:' Journal of Mognetism and Magnetic Material, 1986,Vol.61, pp.48–60.

The copper matrix of both friction materials are continuous，which make the bond strength of the friction materials high.
Acknowledgements The work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (51001117).
Yin: Journal of Central South University (Science and Technology) Vol. 39 (2008), p. 517, in Chinese [3] Y.
Deng: Journal of Academy of Armored Force Engineering Vol. 23 (2009), p. 19, in Chinese [6] R.X.
Li: The Chinese Journal of Nonferrous Metals Vol. 18 (2008), p. 1453, in Chinese

So the rubber nano-laminated composite materials owned excellent gas barrier performance.
Thus polymer nano-composite materials were the research focus in materials science and engineering.
The rubber nano-laminated composite materials with multi-layer structures have been prepared.
Salepour, et al., Gas barrier properties of PP/EPDM blend nanocomposites, Journal of Membrane science. 282 (2006) 142-148
Clearfield, et al, Barrier properties of model epoxy nanocomposites, Journal of Membrane Science 318 (2008) 129-136 [16] C.

Introduction River channel and harbor dredging activities in China accumulate huge amount of dredge materials (DM) annually that has not been made use of effectively, and proper disposal are limited and expensive[1-2].
DM is often rich in nutrient materials, such as N, P and K and so on, which may be good fertilizer in agriculture [3-6].
[4] W.Q.Ding,B.BAO and D.Wu.Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences, Vol.35 (29).(2007), p.9344-9345
Journal of Agricultural Science, Vol. (1). (2000),p.21-24
Journal of NanJing agricultural university, Vol.17(2).(1994), p.54-59

The material interface is denoted as a special internal boundary which is made up of unstructured grid edges, and on both sides of that there exist grids used for the two different materials.
Therefore, the computational domain is divided into three parts, corresponding to three materials respectively.
Acknowledgement The work described in this paper is supported by National Nature Science Foundation of China(Project No. 10902050).
D. dissertation, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, 10-87 (2008) [22] Ramshaw, J.
Journal of Computational Physics, 185 (2003) 120-138

The presented articles consider a wide range of nanoscale materials forms: nanopowders, nanoparticles and nanofibers.
We hope this collection will be useful and interesting to many researchers and engineers in modern materials science.

Kopac: Journal of Materials Processing Technology Vol. 175 (2006), p. 179 [10] D.Huddle: Tooling and Production Magazine.
Kulikov: Key Engineering Materials Vol. 581 (2014), p. 68 [13] A.A. 
Oganyan: Applied Mechanics and Materials Vol. 684 (2014), p. 264 [15] A.S.
Anikeev: Advanced Materials Research Vol. 871 (2014) p. 164 [19] A.A.
Ruziev: Applied Mechanics and Materials Vol. 457-458 (2014) p. 120 [21] Vereschaka Alexey: Key Engineering Materials Vol. 581 (2014) p. 62

Classification of Membrane Materials for Gas Separation A complete picture of classes of membrane materials is illustrated in Figure 1.
Xiao, Journal of Membrane Science 325 (2008) 23–27
Hill, Journal of Membrane Science, 359 (2010) 11–24
Lee, Journal of Membrane Science, 357 (2010) 143–151
Loh, Journal of Membrane Science, 214 (2003) 57-69

Research and Development of Micro-Nano Sized Tungstate on Morphology Control LIU Ling a, TANG Liyongb, SHEN Bingbingc, ZHOU Chang, CHEN Qiantin School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China anum-one@163.com, 18796080761,bliyongtang@ujs.edu.cn,cshenbbin@163.com Keywords: tungstate materials, synthesize, shape control, properties Abstract: The synthetic methods with tailored morphology of micro-nano sized tungstate materials and with rare earths dopped were summarized, as well as the effect factors of morphology control.
The future works on the tungstate materials were discussed.
Introduction As well-known self-activated phosphor materials, the tungstate materials play important roles in photoelectric materials such as fluorescence and laser.
Sole, et al., Ln3+: KLu (WO4)2/KLu (WO4)2 epitaxial layers:Crystal growth and physical characterization, Materials Science and Engineering, 146 (2008) 59–65
Materials Letters, 62(2008) 081-3083