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The spectra were obtained in the 500 to 4000 cm-1region at 2cm-1 wave number resolution. 3.
Normally, the spike at higher frequencies can be attributed to grain boundary effect while the semicircle arc at lower frequencies was probably caused by the resistance within the bulk/grain of the studied material [5,6].
The grain boundaries act as barriers towards mobile ions.
In other words, the chances for ionics hopping mechanism to occur were increased with an increase of mobile ions numbers.
As the result, the mobile ions were unable to hop from one site to adjacent site across grain boundary.

To establish a simple method for the assessment on the collection efficiency (CE) of an aerosol sampler, a self-dependent method was derived to calculate the CE of an aerosol sampler, which was patented with the number of ZL200910233001.X by the State Intellectual Property Office of China.
At present, the CE of an aerosol sampler is usually assessed dependently by using a sampler with higher CE and higher sampling accuracy [2] or comparing the grain size distribution, concentration and/or other characteristics of the collected dust to that of the original dust [3].
Significant differences in specific number and mass concentration or distributions of nanoparticle aerosols were found among different dispersion methods:[6] including a standard rotating drum with a modified sampling train (RD), a vortex shaker (VS), and a small-scale powder disperser (SSPD).
Here, i and k are both natural numbers, no less than 1 and no bigger than n, namely, i (and k) = 1, 2… n.
Wind tunnel calibration of the USGS dust deposition sampler: Sampling efficiency and grain size correction.

It is shown that pre-deformation [4] and refinement of grain size [5] tend to prolong the fatigue lifetime of TWIP steels.
The austenitic grain sizes obtained are ~80 μm for both 0Al and 3Al steels.
The fatigue lifetime, in terms of the number of reversals to failure (2Nf), as a function of the total strain amplitude is shown in Fig. 2(a).
In the 0Al steel, a number of dislocation cells and stacking faults are clearly visible (Fig. 3a).
In the 3Al steel, there exist many well-developed dislocation cells with a number of dislocation loops and debris inside dislocation cells (Fig. 4a).

For example, a number of separate materials factors may influence the creep behaviour of high temperature components, including grain growth, carbide dissolution, coarsening, nucleation and growth; solute segregation and plastic straining of the parent material due to the welding process.
Variation of grain boundary chromium concentration in Grade 304, 316 and 348 stainless steels with irradiation dose [17].
Experimental and numerical advancements There are a number of exciting developments in the experimental and numerical arena which will provide the means to address the four challenges highlighted above.
More recent developments include the full 3D mapping of grain orientation and grain boundary plane to establish further insights into the metallurgical effects on SCC.
Alongside these challenges, a number of emerging experimental methods have been highlighted.

However, there are only limited reports on quantitatively forecasting chemical components in grains such as grain protein content using remote sensing data (Humburg et al., 1999; Hansen et al., 2002; Basnet et al., 2003; Wang et al., 2003).The formation of Chlorophyll is physically depended on plant nitrogen accumulation and its translocation to grain in the each growing stage.
The three cultivars were Jingdong 8 (medium grain protein content), Jing 9428 (high grain protein content) and Zhongyou 9507 (high grain protein content). 2.
The band centers were rounded off to nearest whole number (e.g., 421.52 nm as 422 nm).
Study on Grain Quality Effecting Factors and Monitoring Methods by Using Hyperspectral Data in Winter Wheat [J].
Studies on the Nitrogen State of Leaf, Culm and Sheath at Different Layers in Canopy and Their Relationship with Grain Quality in Winter Whea[J]t.

Smaller particle size is desired for a number of reason, which include is solubility of Mg-Si CHA would be increase, hence assisting bone grafting or encouraging new biological bone growth [8,9], improved sinterability and enhanced densification.
The grain size of Mg-Si CHA appeared larger when cooled down in air atmosphere (~0.55μm) than in wet CO2 (~0.45μm) (Fig. 3).
As shown in SEM image, the grains were slightly finer, more uniform and less pores when using calcined powder (Fig. 4(a)) as compared to the other one (Fig. 4(b)).
It was reported that calcination delays the start of abnormal grain-growth, creating a more uniform microstructure before densification [14].
Carry, Effect of powder granulometry and pre-treatment on sintering behaviour of submicron-grained α-alumina, J.

SmIG powders with grain sizes below 1 µm and high purity have been presented by FESEM and EDX results, respectively.
Obviously, the obtained sample is composed of grains stuck to each other with regular shapes and average grain size around 1 µm, which is lower than what was reported by others [5].
High agglomeration results in slightly big grains, due to their high surface energy [13].
It is very clear that the average particle size is smaller than the average crystallite size smaller than the average grain size for the SmIG sample.
Grain sizes below 1 µm with no impurities detected have been confirmed via FESEM and EDX for the SmIG sample.

In order for SSM forming to produce homogeneous properties in a casting, it is important that there is a uniform distribution of the primary grains.
The nature of the SSM slurry - solid spherical grains suspended in liquid - makes it prone to liquid segregation during the forming process.
There have been a number of reported studies investigating the modeling and quantifying typical segregation phenomena in SSM forming [1-5].
This had occurred since Ti was a grain refiner for the primary α phase and would hence be present where the α grains would be of highest density.
The region close to the surface was composed of mainly eutectic while closer to the centre of the casting microconstituents were mainly globular α primary grains and smaller amounts of eutectic.

And fertilization is the guarantee for high grain yield [1].
Long term experiments are invaluable for evaluate the different fertilizer application on grain yield and (WUE) [6, 7].
Many researchers reported the fertilizer application have positive effect on grain yield and WUE [1, 2].
This resulted in significant increases in the grain yields [12].
Compared with the control, the MNP and NPK significantly increased the grain yield and water use efficiency (WUE).

The grain refiner was added after the melt was degassed for about 10 minutes at 760 °C.
For this paper, in order to correctly compare the microstructures and performances of cast billets from the three casting processes, the samples were taken from position number 2 in Fig. 1b.
It can be seen that, in the case of the sample conditioned without EMS, microstructure is made of coarse grains compared with the microstructure of the N-EMS sample which is made of a majority of fine grains.
For quantitative analysis of these microstructures, the average grain size and grain shape factor were calculated by Image Pro Plus software.
Moreover, the grain shape of the A-EMS sample becomes more round.