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The research results indirectly confirm the influence of the coating entropy over the wear resistance increasing along of the reflow number growth.
The number of layers was 3 ... 4 layers with a total thickness of up to 1 mm.
It is possible to achieve this alloy state by increasing diffusion at the powder grain boundaries during alloying and improving the quality of mixing.
The smaller phase was located along the grain boundaries of the larger phase.
These atoms may also be located on the boundaries of the grains.

Of course, the preparation of a useful volume of ferrofluid out of one-dimensional magnetic structures is feasible only if very large numbers of the latter can be synthesized without sacrificing control over the uniformity of the nanorod/nanowire shape.
In addition to the expected presence of NWs/NRs, there are also a considerable number of spherical NPs in the sample.
The peaks become sharper at higher temperatures, which indicates the occurrence of grain growth of the FePt crystallites and, in all likelihood, their sintering into larger aggregates.
From the FWHM of the (111) peak in the 650°C pattern, we estimate an average grain size of about 160 nm using the Scherrer formula.
Thermal annealing at 550°C induced a transformation to the ordered fct phase, which was accompanied by grain growth and sintering.

It is found that two kinds of grains with different sizes coexist for all the samples.
When the amount of CaTiO3 increases to 15 and 20 wt%, the ZMT grains became smaller (about 3µm) and the percentage of CaTiO3 grains increases significantly, as shown in Fig. 2c and 2d.
It is concluded that many CaTiO3 small grains could effectively restrain the expansion of grain boundary and suppress the grain growth of ZMT grains, and CaTiO3 grain cannot grow large at such a relative lower temperature owing to its higher sintering behavior.
Fig. 3 SEM and EDS analysis of (Zn0.65Mg0.35)TiO3 ceramics doped with 20wt% CaTiO3 ((a) Back scattered electron image (b) Large grain (point A) (c) Small grain (point B)) The two kinds of grains were further analyzed by EDS, and the back scattered electron image as well as the spectrum for large and small grains are shown in Fig. 3.
But upon adding 1 wt% CBS, the size of grains and number of voids in the sample have further reduced.

Also, they provide a direct pathway to electron transportation, eliminating the scope for grain boundary scattering.
The nanorods are significant structures, as they have large surface area and provide direct transport pathways for photo excited electrons without grain boundary scattering [4].
As oxidation time increases, carrier concentration or number of oxygen vacancies decreases but at the same time mobility increases by reduction of grain boundary scattering.

The reason is that under ED the protrusion height of diamond abrasive grain on diamond wheel is bigger than that under TD, so the former has bigger normal rake angles, smaller grinding force and less grinding heat which decrease the grinding temperature.
The reason is that feed rate and ultrasonic power influence the grinding wheel topography greatly and the protrusion height and sharpness of diamond abrasive grain directly [4].
With the increasing of the grinding depth, the number of abrasive grains participating in grinding increases too, meanwhile，the length of contact arc increases[5].
With the increase of grinding speed, the maximum cutting thickness of a single abrasive grain decreases.
Along with the increasing of workbench speed, the cutting thickness of a single abrasive grain increases correspondingly.

Introduction Superalloy castings result in coarse grains and severe ingredient segregations both of which act to decrease the mechanical properties of the alloys.
As a consequence, finer grains and less segregation are obtained which give rise to better mechanical properties than conventional castings.
When the deformation stress increases, cracks were formed at grain boundaries and propagated quickly, along the grain and traversing grain.
At temperatures > 650°C, second cracks can be found (Fig. 4), whose numbers increased significantly with temperatures (Fig. 5).

At the bottom of each melting layer, the grain growth orientation is perpendicular to the substrate surface or the former melting surface.
At the top of each melting layer, the grain growth orientation has changed and is parallel or nearly parallel to the laser scanning direction rather than perpendicular to the substrate surface or the former melting surface.
If one new melting layer continues to be melt onto the former one, the former parallelly growing grains will recrystallize again and their crystallization orientation is perpendicular to the bond surface, too.
The grain growth orientation in every melting layer is same with this.
The number of test samples is 9.

Annealing effect generally result in recovery, re-crystallization and grain growth of the materials.
Comparing Figs. 1 and 2, the filaments can be seen to change the morphology by grain boundary grooving.
In this study, Mullins model was used to determine grain boundary energy.[5] Silver-silver interface ratio was about 1.963.
The hardness change is related to grain boundary grooving of silver filaments.
(Grant number M1060000024806J000024810) References [1] Y.

Fig.1(c) are atom morphology at timestep 1000 of aging stage, obvious change have been taken, odering grains grow, domain boundaries become narrow, samall crystal grains merge with the near bigger crystal grain.
The number of the grain decrease, and their diameter increase.
It get to another the equilibrium value only after timestep 400. then it keep the value, correspongding to the growing of grain.

Results and discussions Many factors in organic active layers, such as the degree of crystallization, the grain boundaries and the surface roughness, could influence the sensing performance of gas.
From the AFM image, large grain sizes and a large number of grain boundaries of pentacene films can be clearly observed, which is able to enhance sensing ability since the analyte may penetrate the thin film.
Generally, the parameter change are likely caused by hole trapping effect or potential barrier increase at the grain boundaries upon exposure to the HCHO.
Generally, the change of source-drain current in OTFT based sensors is due to the electron withdrawing from analytes and organic film by hydrogen bond or gas adsorption (HCHO in this study) for an enhancement of the potential barrier at the boundaries between each grains, or by some kind of doping of the organic material, eventually causing a lowering of output current flowing in the channel region.