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Without the reduction of the initial billet cross-section, the process is usually repeated 6 to 14 times and the billet is rotated between consecutive passes in order to obtain uniform strain.
(a) Billet (b) Product f0.7 4.23 f1 f1 3 Fig. 3 Schematic diagram of CWR (a) Knifing zone (c) Sizing zone Billet Workpiece Bottom wedge die Top wedge die a b (b) Forming zone Fig. 4 Key dimensions of workpiece (a) Schematic diagram of CWR system (c) Die assembly on the system Load cell Driver Workpiece Die Position sensor Controller Stroke and load control, and data acquisition unit (b) Developed CWR system Fig. 5 CWR system and die assembly Process Conditions.
The concave curvature radius of the end face on the rod increased with grain size reduction.
Moreover, the difference between the maximum and minimum values decreased with grain size reduction.
Clearly, the load increased with grain size reduction and the ECAE processed copper resulted in the largest value.

According to the data, strength and plasticity had good match by six kinds of solution and aging processes, which were shown in Table 3.
After solution at 900°C and aging at 600°C for 4h, tensile strength increased with water quench, while elongation and reduction in area decreased.
Elongation and reduction in area decreased markedly with solution at 953°C and 963°C because of lamellar structure.
With the same solution treatment (900°C/1hAC), the change of tensile strength, elongation and reduction in area was not obvious when aging temperature increased from 550°C to 650°C.
As seen from Table 4 and 5, the tensile strength forged in β region was higher than that of TC21 alloy forged in α+β region with the same heat treatment, while plasticity decreased obviously, especially reduction in area, which was related to the microstructure.

The electronic conduction of stannic oxide has been attributed to oxygen vacancy donor levels and can be enhanced by reduction.
A continuous scan mode was used to collect 2θ data from 20～80° with a 0.02 sampling pitch and a 2° min-1 scan rate.
The large irreversible capacity in the first charge-discharge cycle originates from two main sources: the first is the reduction of tin oxides and the second is the formation of a passivation film for solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) on the surface of electrode [11,19 ].
Fig.4 shows that during the first cycle, The peaks of the reduction occurs at 1.00V, 0.70V, 0.10 V.
Fig. 2(b) comparison with Fig. 4, there is a clear platform in 0.90V at the first time in the discharge curve (Fig. 2(b)), and the platform later in the cycle does not appear that this is an irreversible platform, which is in the CV curve 1.00V appears irreversible reduction corresponding to the peak.

Firstly, each curvature of leveling bend wiC could be got according to rolling reduction, then 1∑C , 1fC , 1cC of the first leveling element could be obtained from the initial curvature of material 0C , and then the residual curvature ciC of the former bending element was made as the initial curvature of the next leveling element 10 +iC to iteratively calculate all the leveling elements.
The scheme of 15-roll leveling The traditional leveling schemes are reduction decrement of leveling roll and overlapped bending of work piece in the process of roll-type leveling.
When the parallel leveling scheme was used, the bending degree would be different in different roll system under the same reduction, as shown in Fig. 3(a).
Fig.4 FEM Leveling Model Data analysis The plate shape of the model has been underwent sufficient leveling by 15-roll leveler, as shown in Fig. 5.
Fig.5 Plate and model before and after leveling Table1 Comparison between calculated results and measured ones mm, KN width× thickness yield strength elastic moduls reduction one-way leveling force(KN) (mm) (MPa) (MPa) (mm) calculation simulation measurement 2583×7.9 390 1.8E+05 5.9 3180 3090 3250 2405×8.5 405 1.8E+05 5.9 3350 3170 3670 1917×10.8 720 1.8E+05 7.5 7130 6970 7440 2510×15 250 1.8E+05 1.8 6210 6140 6550 Summary (1)The 15-roll combination leveler is designed for high strength plate leveling.

The reduction in NOX at 75 % load is 14 times for DEE operations and 2.5 times for 20 % EGR.
Figure 4. portrays the measured pressure data for injected hydrogen engine, DEE operated engine at 75 % load.
A reduction in peak heat release rate for DEE is noticed compared to hydrogen diesel dual fuel engine, because of very low inlet charge temperature.
The reduction in NOX at 75 % load is 14 times for DEE operations and 2.5 times for 20 % EGR.
Reduction in smoke by 3 times in both port injection and hydrogen-DEE operation at 75 % load is observed.

The reduction of flour particle size brings about significant improvements in cake quality, e.g., volume and softness, especially when particle size reduction is combined with some form of post-milling treatment, e.g., chlorination or dry heat and when the flour is used in 'high ratio' cake recipes.
Experimental work[5] has shown that the order of flour, treatment and particle size reduction does not affect the performance of the flour in the final cake product.
It may be assumed that dough theology tests which are based on stretching are most relevant in the context of the manufacture of laminated pastes and certainly data from such tests are often quoted as part of the specifications of flours intended for the manufacture of laminated products.
It should be remembered that compressive forces are at play when the base dough and later the paste pass through the sheeting rolls, Also between individual thickness reduction stages there are opportunities for the paste to relax.

BET surface area and pore volume of monolith silica was at 588.0148 m2/g and 0.895424 cm3/g respectively compared to both hybrid silica which shows a significant reduction at which surface area and pore volume was in the range of 25 - 120 m2/g and 0.04 - 0.2 cm3/g respectively.
This behavior was interpreted taking into account the surface organic coverage of the pores that results in a partial reduction in the pore free volume [9,10–12], and according to the literature, the pore blocking effect occurs preferentially in the larger pores [9,11], as observed in the present work.
Table 2: Porosity data of monolith silica and hybrid silica xerogel samples determined from nitrogen (N2) adsorption-desorption test method Sample type BET- Surface area (m2g-1) BJH -Total Pore volume (cm3g-1) BET- Average Pore size (nm) Monolith silica 588.0148 ± 0.6639 0.895424 5.70976 Hybrid silica 1 119.5905 ± 0.3078 0.203957 6.51034 Hybrid silica 2 25.7887± 0.1714 0.043967 6.59728 The addition of more calcium oxide into silica matrixes has increased the reduction of the surface area.
The reduction of total surface area was directly affect the pore volume of the samples which shows similar trend as decreasing in total surface area contributes to decreasing in pore volume.

Reduction of finish rolling temperatures Tf (T2 and T3) brought in all wall thicknesses a relative refinement of the structure.
The strength properties quite slightly decrease with the increasing wall thickness of the simulated tube, plastic properties remained within the data scatter almost unchanged (see Fig. 3).
It is not possible to declare unequivocally that reduction of the finish rolling temperatures resulted in the obvious influencing of the yield strength or ductility, which is due to different grain sizes rather surprising.
Reduction of the finish rolling temperatures in laboratory conditions was manifested by certain refinement of the resulting grain, which, however, did not have any significant impact on the strength or plastic properties determined by the tensile test.
The only positive effect of reduction of the finish rolling temperatures in case of the investigated steel appeared to be a significant increase in notch toughness of the simulated tubes with a wall thickness of min. 20 mm.

Table 1 “Kronsberg-Standard” with eco-indexes [1] Planning & development of the residential quarter • land-saving building types • high density(not to be limited specially by FAR and building density) • multi-functional • short distance city district • public transit connection • Close to green space and public space Energy • CO2 emission reduction by at least 60% than average • CO2 emission and energy consumption reduction by at least 15-30% than WSVO´95 • annual heating consumption ≤ 55 (kWh/m2) Water • distributed whole-land rainwater infiltration(rainwater not to be drained to city sewers) • maximum daily water consumption not to exceed 100 (L/person) Resource materials, recycling and disposal • building waste minimization • reuse of building waste • daily life garbage reduction by 50% than average(now ca.224 (kg/year. person)) • every terrace dwelling with home composting area for 1m2 • reuse of all excavated soil Users‘ understanding • user behaviour encouragement
Green systems · Ecological environment function: to serve the purposes of shading, dust avoiding, cooling, noise reduction and moistening of residential quarters, and beneficial for such ecological function as water and soil preservation and conservation
Table 3 Energy Saving Standards in Germany and China (in kWh/m2.a) [3] [4] Germany China(Jiangsu) Old buildings WSVO 1984 WSVO 1995 EnEV 2004 Passivhaus Old buildings Design Standard JGJ 134-2001 House 260 150 100 <70 15 no data -50% Terrace house 190 110 75 <60 15 Multi-storey 160 90 65 <55 15 Conclusion An ecological standard system for a residential quarter can be mainly divided into several sub-systems with proper eco-indexes such as land saving, energy efficiency, water saving (ecological water circulation) and resources conservation.

Then the grain is refined and the fine-grained model can be utilized to acquire the optimal result. 1.Introduction The noise reduction is one of the core problems of the transmission gearbox research.
Thus this method can satisfy the need of the data analysis, and the Pareto optimal solution can be obtained. 2.Multi-objective optimization evaluation indices system of high-speed helical gear 2.1Evaluation index of contact ratio optimization On the condition of not changing the values of spiral angle, pressure angle and module, it’s a main way to increase the path of contact by increasing the addendum coefficient and making changes to the modification coefficient.
It is shown that the smaller the circle diameter of mating gears, the lager the meshing initial circle, the farther from base circle, the smaller the index value and the more significant noise reduction.
It is shown that the lager the dedendum profile, the greater this index value and the more significant noise reduction.
These indexes accurately reflect the optimization goals of the noise reduction of helical gears. 3) Based on the theory of meshing noise and the superiority criteria, the algorithm is put forward for the high-speed helical gear design, and the Pareto optimal solutions are obtained.