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Materials Science & Engineering A, 2008, 499 (1): 248-251 [2] G .Q.
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Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 2004, 147 (3): 397-404 [5] Y.
Materials Science Forum, Vols.575-578 (2009), p.316-321 [7] J.H.
Materials Science Forum, Vols. 628-629 (2009), p.541-546

Both matrix and ITZ are considered as linear thermoviscoelastic materials.
The matrix and ITZ are considered as linear viscoelastic materials ruled by generalized Maxwell models.
Application to microscale diffusion simulations in cementitious materials, in: Paris, 2013
Kloss, Influence of aggregate shapes on drying and carbonation phenomena in 3D concrete numerical samples, Computational Materials Science. 72 (2013) 1–14
Karihaloo, Thermo-elastic properties of heterogeneous materials with imperfect interfaces: Generalized Levin’s formula and Hill’s connections, Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids. 55 (2007) 1036–1052. doi:10.1016/j.jmps.2006.10.006

Formation of Cemented Tungsten Carbide Layer with Compositional Gradient Processed by Directed Energy Deposition Yorihiro YAMASHITA1,a*, Yoshinori FUNADA1,b, Takahiro KUNIMINE2,c, Yuji SATO3,d and Masahiro TSUKAMOTO3,e 1Industrial Research Institute of Ishikawa, Kuratsuki 2-1, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8203, Japan 2Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Institute of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan 3Department of Laser Materials Processing, Research Division of Materials Joining Process, Joining & Welding Research Institute, Osaka University, Mihogaoka 11-1, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0047, Japan ayorihiro@irii.jp, bfunada@irii.jp, ckunimine@se.kanazawa-u.ac.jp, dsato@jwri.osaka-u.ac.jp, etukamoto@jwri.osaka-u.ac.jp Keywords: Directed Energy Deposition (DED), Cemented Tungsten Carbide, Crack, Additive Manufacturing (AM), Functionally Graded Materials (FGMs), Multi Beam Laser.
However, they are expensive materials, so there is a problem that the cost of manufacturing dies and jigs is high.
Functionally graded materials (FGMs) are considered useful for solving problems caused by differences in material properties [4].
[2] J.Nurminen, J.Nakki and P.Vuoristo, Microstructure and properties of hard and wear resistant MMC coatings deposited by laser cladding, International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials. 27, 472-478 (2009)
Jande, C.M.Tekin, Manufacturing of functionally graded porous products by selective laser sintering, Materials Science Forum Vols.631-632 (2010) 253-258

Materials Characterization,77(2013)89-98
Materials Science and Engineering A, 519(2009) 88-93
Materials & Design, 135(2017)92-101
Journal of materials science, 44(2009)580-590
Materials Science and Engineering A, 528(2011) 8772-8780.

Introduction The modulus of asphalt wearing materials is a key parameter utilized to perform the structural bearing capacity and the thickness overlay design of asphalt pavements.
Acknowledgement The authors appreciate the following funding supports including the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang (Q14E080021), the Natural Science Foundation of China (51408550), the Science Technology Department of Zhejiang (2013C33023) and the Experiment Technology Development Project of ZJNU (SJ201518).
Chatti: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, Vol.1764(2001), pp.97-111
[3] AASHTO's Standard Specifications for Transportation Materials and Methods of Sampling and Testing (22nd edition)( AASHTO Publications Department, USA)
Hi and Y.C Lee: Journal of the Transportation Research Board.

Therefore, the code RCC-MR.A16 was adopted that is suitable for materials and structural safety design at high temperature.
(2) Access to the material properties: LBB assessment will use material properties and variation curve of properties.
Atomic Energy Science and technology, 2009, 43(12):1100-1105
China Institute of Atomic Energy Science Annual Report, 2009:29-32 [11] Wakai T, et al.
Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology. 2013,134(021211):1-8

Liu, Combustion characteristics and fire hazard of polystyrene exterior wall thermal insulation materials, Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 140(8) (2022) e53503
Huliieva, Prediction of the structural properties of powder materials by 3D modeling methods, Materials Science Forum 1068 (2022) 231–238
Mathematical modeling of fire-proof efficiency of coatings based on silicate composition, Materials Science Forum, 1006 MSF, 70–75
Ruban, Investigation of the properties of powder materials using computer modeling, Materials Science Forum 1038 (2021) 33–39
Emen, Formation of fire retardant properties in elastic silica coatings for textile materials, Materials Science Forum, 1006 (2020) 25-31

The porous and rough surface formed by femtosecond laser could improve some properties of materials, such as the wear resistance[8], wettability[9], thermal properties[10] and blood compatibility[11] .
References [1] Chen F, de Aldana JRV, Optical waveguides in crystalline dielectric materials produced by femtosecond-laser micromachining, Laser&Photonics Reviews, 8(2014):251-275
Gupta, Optical properties of silicon light trappingstructures for photovoltaics, Solar Energy Materials& Solar Cells, 94(2010) 2251–2257
Klemens, Thermal conductivity of denseand porous yttria-stabilized zirconia, Journal of Materials Science, 36(2001)3003-3010
[24] Houtchens G R, Foster M D, Desai T A, Morgan E F, Wong J Y , Combined effects of microtopography and cyclic strain on vascular smooth muscle cell orientation, Journal of Biomechanics, 41(2008): 762-769 [25] Soboyejo W O, Nemetslti B, Allameh S, Mercer C, Marcantonio N, Ricci J , On the Interactions between MC-3T3 cells and textured Ti6A14V surfaces, Journal of Biomedical Materials Research, 62(2002): 56-72

The unidirectional solidification experiments were carried out on the Crystallizer with High Rotating Magnetic Field (CHRMF) equipment developed by the MTA-ME Materials Science Research Group [10].
Müller: Numerical study on directional solidification of AlSi alloys with rotating magnetic fields under microgravity conditions, Journal of Materials Science, 39, (2004) 2011-2015 [3] S.
Ratke: The effect of rotating magnetic fields on the microstructure of directionally solidified Al–Si–Mg alloys, Materials Science and Engineering A 413–414 (2005) 200–204 [4] F.D.
Santos: Effect of a rotating magnetic field at the microstructure of an A354, Journal of Materials Research and Rechnology, 2 (2) (2013) 100-109 [12] L.
Mbaya: Effect of forced melt flow on microstructure evolution in AlSi7Mg0.6 alloy during directional solidification, Materials Science and Engineering A, 413–414 (2005) 236–242 [15] W.J.

Pang Baojun, Du Shanyi applied equivalent inclusion method to the prediction of the elastic constants of the 3D braided composite materials [1].
Journal of Composite Materials, 1996, 30 (8): 885- 905
Journal of Astronautics, 1993, (3) : 13-16
Chinese Science Bulletin, 2005, 50(21): 2529-2533
Journal of University of Science and Technology Beijing, 2007, 29(2): 226-231