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In order to reduce the costs, researches on replacing Pd activating process by using thermal reduction in electroless nickel plating had carried on [2].
As the most important data of this experiment, the volume resistance indirectly obtained through QJ-23 resistance bridge.
(2) In the oxidation-reduction process, Ag+ is reduced to Ag in alkaline solution, hence, pH value should be a critical factor of silver plating.
The activitating cenospheres surface offers thixotropic cores for Ag reduction, thus, the powder load quantity has a good reason to affect the electroless plating result.
Secondly, with the powder load went on declining, –OH would ran out while Ag+ concentration stayed at high level, then the previously Ag deposit spots shall offer thixotropic cores to keep reduction reaction going on, as shown in Fig. 2 when the powder load is 16g/L, 8g/L, 4g/L and 2 g/L.

Based on the above data, can be introduced Zhangcunwan landslide trajectory equation, an approximate solution: Y1(x) = 0.001487527(276.64-x)x （2） Zhangcunwan landslide stability study under the influence of irrigation:Zhang village on the Gulf of landslides, the later generalized model, soil conditions from top to bottom, followed mainly Malan loess, Lishi loess, ancient soils, while each input parameter values , as shown in Table 1.
Chart10 .1 一The water depth is 56m Chart11.2—The water depth is 55m In this paper, based on the principle of strength reduction finite element method can assume the shape and position without prior failure surface, which is coordinating the introduction of deformation constitutive stress-strain consideration of soil, and therefore more truly reflect the state of the slope.
The basic principles of finite element strength reduction is the slope soil shear strength parameters c, ¢, are divided by the reduction rate F, get a new set of c1, ¢ t ,, that after reduction of the shear strength indicators: c1=c/F ￠1=arctan(tan￠/F) (2) Chart12 Changes graph landslide stability with the condition of the water level rises Conclusions Zhangcunwan landslide role in irrigation seepage field head elevated pore pressure, pore water pressure becomes larger; maximum shear strain stress field along with the water table to rise, and gradually increase; landslide stability also in groundwater when the level rises, the stability factor is gradually reduced, and finally sliding.

Based on the strength reduction method, the safety factor of open-pit slope is calculated.
The slip surface was gained by numerical calculation based on the strength reduction method.
Because the detailed data of the case is not available, the present paper cannot replay the shape and mode of the fault-affected rock mass failure and deformation in the plots.
The curve of safety factor of slope vs fault dips and locations is obtained utilizing strength reduction method.
Yingren Zheng & Shangyi Zhao, Application of strength reduction fem in soil and rock slope, J.

Stress rupture lives, elongation and reduction in area of each sample were determined.
The γ' Table 2 Stress rupture properties of DD6 alloy under 1070°C/140MPa after long term exposure at 980°C Exposue time, h t, h δδδδ, � ψψψψ, � 0 341.1 29.7 35.2 100 211.0 29.5 35.3 200 184.8 26.0 36.9 300 187.6 25.4 33.0 400 186.0 26.4 35.9 600 207.3 27.3 25.2 800 214.0 24.6 39.9 1000 257.0 28.6 32.9 Table 3 Stress rupture properties of DD6 alloy under 1070°C /140MPa after long term exposure at 1070°C Exposure time, h t, h δδδδ, � ψψψψ, � 0 341.1 29.7 35.2 100 235.2 18.5 39.9 200 185.7 32.2 47.7 300 176.1 27.8 47.9 400 129.6 30.5 51.6 600 102.2 38.4 55.9 800 110.5 51.0 57.4 1000 75.1 32.0 53.7 Note�Measured data in the Table are means of two specimens.
The driving forces for coarsening are the reduction in surface area at the γ-γ' interface, a reduction in the γ-γ' lattice mismatch strain, and a reduction in the modulus misfit[6].

The stiffness reduction ratios for the damaged conditions are also given in the table.
It can be shown that the trend in the stiffness reduction ratio corresponds well with that in the RLC value.
Table 1 Natural frequencies for the undamaged and the damaged conditions Division 1st Bending Mode [Hz] 2nd Bending Mode [Hz] 3rd Bending Mode [Hz] Damage ratio [%] UD 9.578 28.050 46.050 0.000 D1 7.865 20.190 35.380 22.36 D2 9.570 27.300 46.560 0.26 D1+D2 7.845 20.080 34.910 22.62 Table 2 RLC values for the damaged conditions Division 1st Mode [%] 2nd Mode [%] 3rd Mode [%] Stiffness Reduction Ratio [%] D1 67.43 51.81 59.03 77.64 D2 99.83 94.72 102.23 99.74 D1+D2 67.09 51.25 57.47 77.38 Estimation of Relative Load-carrying Capacity for a PSC girder bridge A series of tests were conducted to verify the capabilities of implementing a real-time RLC assessment based on the ambient techniques.
Johnson, Natural Excitation Technique and Eigensystem Realization Algorithm for Phase I of the IASC-ASCE Benchmark Problem: Simulated Data, J.
Pappa, An eigensystem realization algorithm for modal parameter identification and model reduction, J.

Advantages of the process are [4]: · Reduction of number of steps for producing components
· Reduction of scrap due to elimination of flash and secondary machining operation · Reasonably high density can be obtained and the mechanical properties of P/M parts are comparable to the wrought product.
During heating the encapsulated powders were rotated for complete reduction of phosphate into iron-phosphide (Fe3P).
Results and Discussion Despite their high phosphorous contents the alloys could be successfully rolled to about 80-90% reduction.
Most of the data reported on P/M Fe-P alloys is on pressed and sintered product.

The redo potential of following material is as follows:O3(2.07),ClO2(1.511),KMnO4(1.51),Cl2 (1.36)，OCl-(0.89)，ClO2-(0.77)[1].By these data ,we would find chlorine dioxide, as a oxidant ,has significant advantages .
Generally considering , Chlorine dioxide has better adsorption and through performance on the cell wall and can be effectively oxidated enzyme having mercapto in the cell . 3.2 Disinfection by-products: Disinfection by-products of Chlorine dioxide has two parts:One part is organic matter in the process of oxidation , the other part is the inorganic matter in the process of reduction .
Inorganic byproduct of disinfection of chlorine dioxide is due to the reduction reaction of the chlorine dioxide, which mainly includes Chlorous acid root and chlorate .
Nearly 70% of chlorine dioxide immediately change into chlorous acid root in the process of reduction reaction , and the rest is in the form of chloride ion .You zuo liang think nearly 50%~70% chlorine dioxide change into ClO2 and ClO3 - ,in the process of chlorine dioxide water purification .
We usually adopt the following method,such as Joint disinfection of Chlorine dioxide and chlorine, reduce the content of precursors Reduction method ,to remove the disinfection by-products . 4.

In this paper we have investigated the influence of different post CMP wet cleanings on copper hillocks reduction.
As can be seen in Figure 1, defectivity maps show that a significant hillocks reduction can be obtained with P1 or citric (1-2 def/cm2 vs 150 def/cm2 without cleaning), whereas no reduction can be obtained with HF.
Anyway, as can be seen in Figure 4, the reduction obtained with citric acid is not the same as the one obtained performing the cleaning immediately after the CMP (Figure 1) : the defect density is in this case 28 def/cm2 vs 5 def/cm2 found with citric done immediately after the CMP.With P1 on the contrary the hillocks‘ defect density is lower than 1 def/cm2 for both 15s and 60s process times.
Defectivity analysis performed on wafers with different CMP-SiN q-times (between 24 h and 168 h) do not show any difference in terms of hillocks (Figure 8a), in spite of XPS data on flat wafers that show that already after 2 days post CMP the most part of the native oxide is already grown (Figure 8b).

The temperature was recorded using a data logger (GL240-UM-801, GRAPHTEC).
Effect of roll diameter on gap where solidificationstarted The effect of roll diameter on reduction of semisolid metal calculated from the gap shown in Fig. 11 and the strip thickness shown in Fig. 4 is shown in Fig. 12.
The reduction decreases as the roll diameter increases.
Roll diameter (mm) Reduction (%) Fig. 12.
Effect of roll diameter on reduction calculated from solidification starting point and strip thickness.

To predict the profile as well as the actual width of the billet is not only essential to determine the adequate reduction for the following passes, but also important to fulfill the size requirement with an optimal number of working passes.
There equations generally deal with geometric factors of the rolling, such as size of the billet, reduction, roll radius etc., but not including parameters such as temperatures, rolling speeds, heat transfer and so on.
Compared to the isotherm, the non isotherm calculation requires accurate thermal physical data that are not always available.
They are determined exclusively by the geometric factors of the compression, i.e., the size as well as the shape of specimens and the reduction.
In case that the temperature gradient is low or null, ∆R is determined primarily by the geometric factors, i.e., the size as well as the shape of specimens and the reduction.