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Online since: February 2013
Authors: Yun Na Wu, He Ping Wang, Shuo Zhang, Ze Zhong Li
The two-dimensional information table composed of is the relational data model concerning evaluation objects.
The reduction method of Rough Set index not only applies to quantitative index of statistical data, but also applies to qualitative index which need subjective evaluation from expert [12].
But it is not suitable for calculating on large-scale data set.
Weight coefficients are completely decided by the law of the data, which is more objective.
Based on data processing principle of Rough Set, we propose a self-control evaluation method for construction agent.
The reduction method of Rough Set index not only applies to quantitative index of statistical data, but also applies to qualitative index which need subjective evaluation from expert [12].
But it is not suitable for calculating on large-scale data set.
Weight coefficients are completely decided by the law of the data, which is more objective.
Based on data processing principle of Rough Set, we propose a self-control evaluation method for construction agent.
Online since: May 2019
Authors: Oldrich Zmeskal, Alexander Kovalenko, Martin Vala, Veronika Schmiedová, Jan Pospisil
Thus, another promising opportunity is a use of graphene oxide with a consequent reduction.
(a) (b) Fig. 4 (a) The influence of hole-extracting GO layer and its reduction on dark and light Cole-Cole diagrams (in log-log scale) and (b) a typical equivalent circuit for BHJ OSC determined from IS spectra (data modeling), where Cg is the geometric capacitance, Cn is the chemical capacitance, Rs is the series resistance, Rt is the resistance due to the accumulation of the charge carriers at the interface and Rrec is the resistance due to the recombination of charge carriers Table 2 Data modeling parameters and calculated values of the time constants (Rs ≈ 82 Ω, Cg ≈ 1.0 nF) Structure of OSC Cn (nF) Rt (Ω) Rrec (Ω) td (ms) tn (ms) Reference dark 1.64 240 1 130 000 0.39 1853.2 Reference light 1.85 210 1 700 0.39 3.1 GO dark 1.52 215 65 000 0.33 98.8 GO light 1.55 250 1 600 0.39 2.5 rGO_UV dark 1.66 240 24 000 0.40 39.8 rGO_UV light 1.87 205 1 400 0.38 2.6 rGO_Th dark 2.21 175 15 000 0.39 33.2 rGO_Th light 2.17 180
5 000 0.39 10.9 rGO_Ch dark 2.78 160 550 0.44 1.5 rGO_Ch light 2.29 200 250 0.46 0.6 In this regard, the results from DC measurements were confirmed by AC measurements, i.e. by IS data analysis.
The diffusion and recombination processes in prepared BHJ OSC were discussed and data modelling enabled us to determine both the diffusion and recombination time constants.
Cheng, The reduction of graphene oxide, Carbon 50 (2012) 3210-3228
(a) (b) Fig. 4 (a) The influence of hole-extracting GO layer and its reduction on dark and light Cole-Cole diagrams (in log-log scale) and (b) a typical equivalent circuit for BHJ OSC determined from IS spectra (data modeling), where Cg is the geometric capacitance, Cn is the chemical capacitance, Rs is the series resistance, Rt is the resistance due to the accumulation of the charge carriers at the interface and Rrec is the resistance due to the recombination of charge carriers Table 2 Data modeling parameters and calculated values of the time constants (Rs ≈ 82 Ω, Cg ≈ 1.0 nF) Structure of OSC Cn (nF) Rt (Ω) Rrec (Ω) td (ms) tn (ms) Reference dark 1.64 240 1 130 000 0.39 1853.2 Reference light 1.85 210 1 700 0.39 3.1 GO dark 1.52 215 65 000 0.33 98.8 GO light 1.55 250 1 600 0.39 2.5 rGO_UV dark 1.66 240 24 000 0.40 39.8 rGO_UV light 1.87 205 1 400 0.38 2.6 rGO_Th dark 2.21 175 15 000 0.39 33.2 rGO_Th light 2.17 180
5 000 0.39 10.9 rGO_Ch dark 2.78 160 550 0.44 1.5 rGO_Ch light 2.29 200 250 0.46 0.6 In this regard, the results from DC measurements were confirmed by AC measurements, i.e. by IS data analysis.
The diffusion and recombination processes in prepared BHJ OSC were discussed and data modelling enabled us to determine both the diffusion and recombination time constants.
Cheng, The reduction of graphene oxide, Carbon 50 (2012) 3210-3228
Online since: May 2011
Authors: Ya Long Liao, Xi Juan Chai, Jiang Tao Li, Fu Chang Xu, Dong Bo Li
Table 3 The ingredient analysis of bornite by electron probe unit: wt%
Item
1
2
3
4
5
Average
S
27.86
27.51
27.27
28.34
26.85
27.57
Fe
17.23
16.90
17.88
16.51
16.85
17.07
Cu
54.91
55.59
54.85
55.15
56.13
55.36
3.4 Mineralogical composition of reduction products
The typically chemical composition on the aspect of iron in the final products after the copper slag was reduced with carbonthermic method at 1423 K for 4 h could be found in Table 4,the data in Table 4 was the average of ten times experiments with a scope of 100g each time.
Fig.2 was the X-ray diffraction graph of the reduction products of copper slag.
Fig. 1 XRD of copper slag before reduction Fig. 2 XRD of reduction products 3.5 Thermodynamic analysis of the modification of slag and reduction The addition of CaO or lime could tend to increase the reduction ration of iron.
Which guaranteed the reduction process go with a swing.
Sahin, B.Sirin, A reduction study of copper slag in a DC arc furnace, Scand.
Fig.2 was the X-ray diffraction graph of the reduction products of copper slag.
Fig. 1 XRD of copper slag before reduction Fig. 2 XRD of reduction products 3.5 Thermodynamic analysis of the modification of slag and reduction The addition of CaO or lime could tend to increase the reduction ration of iron.
Which guaranteed the reduction process go with a swing.
Sahin, B.Sirin, A reduction study of copper slag in a DC arc furnace, Scand.
Online since: August 2017
Authors: Yun Wang, Yong Sun, Yang Zhang, Jin Sheng Jia, Bing Qiang Zhang
(3)
According to the data in Fig.4, the relationship between the surface resistivity and Bi2O3 content can be described as followed equation (Eq. 4), and the linear correlation coefficient is 0.991, as shown in Fig. 5.
What’s more, the slope of experiment results is higher than data of Eq. 3, indicated that Bi2O3 has a more significant effect on reducing the surface resistivity of MCP glasses.
While an obvious diffraction peak appeared after reduction.
Fig. 7 XRD patterns of glass sample 2: (a) before reduction; (b) after reduction.
These can be confirmed by the spectral transmission curve after reduction.
What’s more, the slope of experiment results is higher than data of Eq. 3, indicated that Bi2O3 has a more significant effect on reducing the surface resistivity of MCP glasses.
While an obvious diffraction peak appeared after reduction.
Fig. 7 XRD patterns of glass sample 2: (a) before reduction; (b) after reduction.
These can be confirmed by the spectral transmission curve after reduction.
Online since: June 2024
Authors: Suprayitno Suprayitno, Muhammad Yandi Pratama, Prihanto Trihutomo
Thus, this study aims to achieve a balance between noise reduction and backpressure minimization in muffler design.
In this study noise reduction parameters use TL and minimizing backpressure use PL.
Table 2 Description of Geometrical Data and Performances Configuration x1 (mm) x2 (mm) x3 (mm) TL (dBA) PL (kPa) Best TL pareto front (solution 1) 30.00 190.00 345.34 26.06 2.27 Best PL pareto front (solution 3) 48.85 110.52 418.89 8.36 1.87 Initial design 40 140 390 15.63 2.12 Best TL (sol. 90) 30.58 134.01 416.67 19.24 2.11 Best PL (sol. 99) 30.92 110.21 418.51 15.70 2.00 Compromise (sol. 41) 30.26 121.84 418.25 17.78 2.07 From Table 2, it can be seen carefully that the TL and PL values of the initial design are surpassed by other designs.
Solution 1 is a muffler design solution when referring to user references who have the highest TL muffler desire which means the best in noise reduction.
Razavi, “Investigation of the Efficiency of Various Reactive Mufflers by Noise Reduction and Transmission Loss Analyses,” J.
In this study noise reduction parameters use TL and minimizing backpressure use PL.
Table 2 Description of Geometrical Data and Performances Configuration x1 (mm) x2 (mm) x3 (mm) TL (dBA) PL (kPa) Best TL pareto front (solution 1) 30.00 190.00 345.34 26.06 2.27 Best PL pareto front (solution 3) 48.85 110.52 418.89 8.36 1.87 Initial design 40 140 390 15.63 2.12 Best TL (sol. 90) 30.58 134.01 416.67 19.24 2.11 Best PL (sol. 99) 30.92 110.21 418.51 15.70 2.00 Compromise (sol. 41) 30.26 121.84 418.25 17.78 2.07 From Table 2, it can be seen carefully that the TL and PL values of the initial design are surpassed by other designs.
Solution 1 is a muffler design solution when referring to user references who have the highest TL muffler desire which means the best in noise reduction.
Razavi, “Investigation of the Efficiency of Various Reactive Mufflers by Noise Reduction and Transmission Loss Analyses,” J.
Online since: December 2012
Authors: Emad A. Badawi, M.A. Abdel-Rahman, M. Elsayed, A.A. Ibrahim, Ahmed G. Attallah
Data are analyzed using the PATFIT88 computer program.
1.
An useful approach is to present experimental data in term of S-W plot which allow to draw some conclusions about evolution of defects participating in positron trapping, [18].
The data for the lifetime spectra was analyzed by using the PATFIT88 computer program [22].
As shown in figures 4 and 5, the defect density and dislocation density increase linearly with increasing thickness reduction, while their increase is slow in the range from 0% to 10% thickness reduction and it is fast up to 40% thickness reduction.
Figure 7 The trapping efficiency as a function of thickness reduction of 5251 Al alloy From the above figure, the variation of the trapping efficiency increases with the thickness reduction in the range from 0% to 7.4% thickness reduction and the variation becomes constant up to 14% thickness reduction.
An useful approach is to present experimental data in term of S-W plot which allow to draw some conclusions about evolution of defects participating in positron trapping, [18].
The data for the lifetime spectra was analyzed by using the PATFIT88 computer program [22].
As shown in figures 4 and 5, the defect density and dislocation density increase linearly with increasing thickness reduction, while their increase is slow in the range from 0% to 10% thickness reduction and it is fast up to 40% thickness reduction.
Figure 7 The trapping efficiency as a function of thickness reduction of 5251 Al alloy From the above figure, the variation of the trapping efficiency increases with the thickness reduction in the range from 0% to 7.4% thickness reduction and the variation becomes constant up to 14% thickness reduction.
Online since: June 2012
Authors: Dong Xie, Jin Liang Shi, Qun Wei Yu
The furnace (reduction furnace) is used to simulate the heating process in iron ore reduction measurement system.
Principle of Reduction Measuration The iron ore reduction performance measuartion in high temperature is shown in Figure 1.
The sample is restored into the reduction tube.
N2 is poured into the reduction tube, standard-state flow 5L/min.
At the beginning of 15 min, the sample quality should be recorded at least once every 3 min, then every 10 min record the data, until the end of test, 180min.
Principle of Reduction Measuration The iron ore reduction performance measuartion in high temperature is shown in Figure 1.
The sample is restored into the reduction tube.
N2 is poured into the reduction tube, standard-state flow 5L/min.
At the beginning of 15 min, the sample quality should be recorded at least once every 3 min, then every 10 min record the data, until the end of test, 180min.
Online since: November 2014
Authors: Ida Idayu Muhamad, Noor Yahida Yahya, M. Jusoh, Norzita Ngadi
Under this condition, the reduction of COD was achieved up to 54.24%.
RSM is a collection of mathematical and statistical techniques based on the fit of a polynomial equation to the experimental data, which must describe the behaviour of a data set with the objective of making statistical previsions [3].
STATISTICA 8.0 was employed for data analysis.
Fig. 1 a) Parity plot for percentage reduction of COD b) Pareto chart of percentage reduction of COD Interaction Effects of Variables on Percentage Reduction of COD.
The observed value of COD reduction percentage is 54.03%.
RSM is a collection of mathematical and statistical techniques based on the fit of a polynomial equation to the experimental data, which must describe the behaviour of a data set with the objective of making statistical previsions [3].
STATISTICA 8.0 was employed for data analysis.
Fig. 1 a) Parity plot for percentage reduction of COD b) Pareto chart of percentage reduction of COD Interaction Effects of Variables on Percentage Reduction of COD.
The observed value of COD reduction percentage is 54.03%.
Online since: February 2013
Authors: Hamid Reza Rezaie, F. Arianpour, F. Kazemi, A. Asjodi, J. Liu
In this research, the synthesis of zirconium carbide nano powder at low temperature via carbothermal reduction route was investigated according to thermodynamic data.
Several studies were conducted on carbothermal reduction mechanism of zirconia.
The DTG curve of this sample shows two peaks which is assigned to the carbothermal reduction.
Figure 5 shows the ∆G calculation of the carbothermal reduction of ZrO2.
∆G calculation of the carbothermal reduction of ZrO2.
Several studies were conducted on carbothermal reduction mechanism of zirconia.
The DTG curve of this sample shows two peaks which is assigned to the carbothermal reduction.
Figure 5 shows the ∆G calculation of the carbothermal reduction of ZrO2.
∆G calculation of the carbothermal reduction of ZrO2.
Online since: September 2011
Authors: Ming Li, Shuang Liang, Hui Yang, Xing Fu Zhao
Many algorithms for fitting and noise-reduction of range data from single feature have been proposed.
Many researches have been taken on fitting and noise-reduction method of range data.
Fitting and Noise-reduction Algorithm for Single Standard Profile Feature Since what we got from metrological system is range data, fitting of single profile feature in the pattern is the premise.
Then new profile feature fitting process is done through the left range data, as well as the same noise reduction process.
We simulated the range data of 4 planes and 2 cylinders according to method of generating range data proposed in Geometrical product specifications (GPS) and verification (ISO 10360-6-2001), then we added different equally proposed random noise and transformed the range data to a specified location in space and used the range data as original data to test the validity and robustness of our algorithm.
Many researches have been taken on fitting and noise-reduction method of range data.
Fitting and Noise-reduction Algorithm for Single Standard Profile Feature Since what we got from metrological system is range data, fitting of single profile feature in the pattern is the premise.
Then new profile feature fitting process is done through the left range data, as well as the same noise reduction process.
We simulated the range data of 4 planes and 2 cylinders according to method of generating range data proposed in Geometrical product specifications (GPS) and verification (ISO 10360-6-2001), then we added different equally proposed random noise and transformed the range data to a specified location in space and used the range data as original data to test the validity and robustness of our algorithm.