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For LIPSS structures, the influence of the friction direction relative to the orientation of the surface structures was investigated.
The effects of lubrication and surface structuring on tribological properties were analyzed, and the role of periodic structures in enhancing tribofilm stability was demonstrated.
Femtosecond laser technology has opened new possibilities in material structuring.
The highest wear resistance was demonstrated by the surface with Mesh structures.
Jonušauskas, Femtosecond surface structuring: wettability, friction control and surface chemistry, Proc.

The Influence of the Temperature Gradient on the Defect Structure of 3C-SiC Grown Heteroepitaxially on 6H-SiC by Sublimation Epitaxy M.
Polychroniadis1,f 1 Department of Physics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki GR-54 124, Thessaloniki, Greece 2 Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linkoping University, SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden a marinova@physics.auth.gr, bam@auth.gr, cmilbe@ifm.liu.se, dmisyv@ifm.liu.se, eroy@ifm.liu.se, f polychr@auth.gr Keywords: Sublimation Epitaxy, TEM, twins, stacking faults Abstract.
In the coincidence site lattice (CSL) notation this twin structure is described as a first order Σ=3 which is the lowest energy interface in face centered cubic (fcc) materials.
Elucidating the structure of the nucleation cores of the fourfold twin complexes is under progress and would allow the understanding of their formation and possible reduction during the growth process.

Structure and Mechanical Properties of Retrograded Rice Starch and Cow Bone Powder Composite Sponge Sittiporn Punyanitya1,a, Rungsarit Koonawoot1,b, Anucha Ruksanti1,c, Sakdiphon Thiensem1,d and Anirut Raksujarit2,e 1Science and Technology research institute, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand 2Department of Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Chiang Mai Rajabhat University, Chiang Mai, 50300, Thailand apunyanitya.s@gmail.com, bkoonawoot@yahoo.com, canucha_ist@hotmail.com, dsukdipown@hotmail.com, earaksujarit@gmail.com Keywords: Retrograded rice starch, Cow bone, Sponge, Composite, Hydroxyapatite.
The micrograph indicated that was an irregular and polygon structure.
The CB powder addition produced a more strength structure and bioactivity.
Acknowledgement The authors acknowledge the financial support given by Research Administration Center, Chiang Mai University and Department of Industrials Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University.

New Lubricant from Used Cooking Oil: Cyclic Ketal of Ethyl 9,10-Dihydroxyoctadecanoate Yehezkiel Steven Kurniawan1,a, Muslih Anwar2,b and Tutik Dwi Wahyuningsih3,c* 1Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Gadjah Mada Sekip Utara Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia. 2Research Institute for Natural Product Technology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Gading, Playen, Gunungkidul, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.
The structures of the products were confirmed by FTIR, GC-MS, 1H- and 13C-NMR spectrometers.
Although some work concerning biolubricants development has been previously carried out by other authors [7-9], it has been mainly focused on the biolubricants synthesis by modification structure of oleic acid in used cooking oil with esterification and ketalization reaction.
In the context of green chemistry, KSF montmorillonite is a type of heterogeneous catalysts that can be reused up to several times [10], contrary with sulfuric acid that only can be used at once. 
Table 1 Green chemistry evaluation of esterification of DHSA with ethanol Method Reflux Sonication Catalyst H2SO4 KSF mont H2SO4 KSF mont Yield (%) 90 52 93.8 86.40 Atom economy (%) 74.84 74.84 74.84 74.84 Reaction selectivity (%/g) 317.11 316.50 290.68 320.00 E-factor 11.97 0.72 12.85 0.44 Mass efficiency (mg/g) 11.00 6.30 10.30 10.78 Protection alcohol group with ketal formation by using acetone aims to improve the oxidative stability of biolubricant due to the susceptibility of alcohol group to oxidation and reduced water content in biolubricant.

Bi2S3 nanoflowers Synthesized via Hydrothermal Method Xiliang CHEN a, Yanpei JIb Applied Chemistry Research Center, Yellow River Conservancy Technical Institute, Kaifeng 475003 aemail: cxliang2006@163.com bemail: 875521665@qq.com Keywords: Bismuth sulfide, hydrothermal, Preheating Abstract.
The morphology, structure, phase composition, of the as-prepared Bi2S3 products were characterized using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, high-resolution transmission and electron microscopy, respectively.
The lamellar crystalline structure of Bi2S3 gives rise to the development of different 1D nanostructure under certain growth conditions [7].
Hydrothermal approach is an effective and economical method, which has been applied to prepare Bi2S3 with different structures by varying the reaction conditions.

Nano-structure of the zinc oxide may absorb a great deal of gas, and forms special surfaces state.
Crystal structure was synthesized with XRD, SEM.
In order to prepare sensors, we elected the structure of sensor element as Fig.1.
Fig.1 Structure diagram of gas sensor Fig.2 Graphic of testing principle Results and Discussion Structure of samples.
Chinese Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, 2010,26(4):p.586

The performance evaluation of rheological behavior, microstructure and mobility control ability demonstrate that hydrophobic association polymer pre-cross linked particulate can partly dissolved in water, and has certain viscosity thickening and suspension property; it partly cross linking forming mesh structure, and has strong resilience; it can deform through the porous media after swelling, and has good mobility control ability.
Viscosity is the macro manifestation form of the polymer system’s micro structure, and it is reflect of the micro structure [3].
Hydrophobic association polymer pre-cross linked particulate has obvious reticular structure, exists a partially cross-linked phenomenon, inhomogeneous cross-linked.
The Application of Atomic Force Microscopy in Polymer Solution Structure Study [J].
Journal of Natural Gas Chemistry, 2010, 32(4): 1133-139.

Counterflow burner has been extensively used in fundamental combustion research because a one-dimensional flame structure is created in a two-dimensional flow field.
Results And Discussions Stretch rate effect on flame structure and NO concentration The diffusion flame structure is affected by stretch rate significantly.
Fig.1 and Fig. 2 shows the flame structure for stretch rates 8s-1 and 320s-1 respectively.
Fig.1 Flame structure at k =8s-1 Fig.2 Flame structure at k =320s-1 Fig.3 shows the flame temperature and the peak NO concentration variation with stretch rate.
Fig.8 also shows the simulated NO mole fraction comparison with full NOx chemistry and thermal NO chemistry only.

The comparison of Table 3 with Table 1 and Table 2 obviously shows that the viscosity of ionic PAM solution is much larger than that of nonionic PAM solution at the same concentration.It is the structure of polymer in solution that results into the difference.The ionic PAM molecule in solution is charged which make the polymer molecule in the stretch state,but the nonionic polymer almost displays crimple state.Data in Table 3 show that molecular weight and viscosity of the polymer reduce as the shear time increases.So if we want to obtain anticipated viscosity of polymer solution,small amount of higher molecular weight polymer is economically superior to relatively large amount of lower molecular weight polymer[2].
The influence of shear rates on the viscosity of PAM solution with different types The polymer solution experienced shear rates of the order of 0.01 to 10sec-1 to and fro,and temperature is 25℃ in this experiment.Fig.4 A and B and C indicate that the viscosity of polymer solution decreases and flattens out as the shear rate increases,and the shear recovery curve is always below the shear thinning curve.It can be explained with the principle that the breakage of molecular structure decreases the viscosity of PAM solution.It can also be explained that the physical connection resulting from the entanglement between the molecules or the interaction resulting from van der Waals force.At the function of molecule thermal vibration,the physical conjunction is in the condition of dynamic equilibrium between decomposition and reconstruction,which provides the solution with instantaneous cross-linking net structure.In the range of low shear rates,the polymer solution suffered from shear damage has
enough time to recover its structure,such recovery in structure ,in turn,keeps the the density of net structure unchanged,and maintains the viscosity of PAM solution.when the shear rate increases to a certain value the destruction rate of the junction point exceeds the reconstruction rate,which leads to the decreasing of the viscosity and pseudoplasticity of polymer solution.When shear rate moves upward to a higher point,the junction point has no time to reconstruct,and thereby the viscosity of PAM solution decreases to the lowest and a constant value[9,10].
Applied Chemistry.
Applied Chemistry.

TiO2 can be obtained in three forms namely: brookite, which has an orthorhombic structure (space group Pbca, a = 0.9184 nm, c = 0.5145 nm); and two tetragonal structures-rutile (Space group P42/mnm, a = 0.4594 nm, c = 0.2958 nm) and anatase (I41/amd).
The surface morphology of the films had closely packed dense structure with uniformly distributed small spherical particles.
Wojciechowski, Dielectric properties and characterisation of titanium dioxide obtained by different chemistry methods, J Nanomater. 2014 (2014) 1–9
Li, The effect of O2 partial pressure on the structure and photocatalytic property of TiO2 films prepared by sputtering, Mater.
Park, Surface chemistry and optical property of TiO2 thin films treated by low-presure plasma, J Solid State Chem. 180 (2007) 2696-2701