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Analytical Chemistry, 47(1), (1975) 112-117
Materials and Structures, 50, (2017),1-15
Materials and Structures, 55(2), (2022), 26
Materials and Structures, 51, (2018), 1-16
Materials and Structures, 55(5), (2022), 133

We has classified the influence factors of carbon emissions into three primary factors such as technical factor, structure factor and scale factor, respectively including six secondary factors such as carbon emission intensity and energy intensity; energy structure and industrial structure; economic scale, population size.
We will divide the influence factors of carbon emissions into two levels: carbon intensity, energy consumption intensity belongs to the technical factors; energy structure and output structure belong to structure factors; economic scale, population scale factors belong to scale factor.
So structure factors should be inhibitory effect shown as the table.
But no matter energy structure or output structure, mostly positive effect is not significant.
Chinese academy of sciences, Shanghai metallurgical; Materials physics and chemistry (professional) doctoral dissertation ,2000 year [47] Ning XueMin. ecological economy, 2009 (11): 51--54, 96

The structure of the copolymer was characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy.
The grafting percentage (GP) and grafting efficiency (GE) were determined and the chemical structure was characterized by FTIR.
It revealed that the optimizing chemical structure was obtained at 30℃.
Structure characteristics of the copolymer.
Pinto, Q.Huang: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry.

This means that the structure of the glass comes to an equilibrium state.
Thus, substituting in the last expression of values of coefficients a and b from equations of approximations, we shall get time of establishment of equilibrium in structure of investigated glasses, depending on temperature of annealing.
Dependence, time achievement of phase balance in glasses on annealing temperature As can be seen from Figure 1, the time of equilibrium in the structure of glass strongly depends on the temperature of annealing, and this dependence residual equations: for S87-2, for S78-4, for S78-5.
Annealing in for 5 hours at a temperature of 450°C leads to an equilibrium state and stabilizes the structure of the glass, which is important for stability application devices.
[2] Z V Shomakhov, O A Molokanov, A M Karmokov Glass Physics and Chemistry Vol 44, No 3, p 222 (2018)

Aging can affect severely the material behavior and decreased the structure life seriously.
The temperature and humidity are serious environmental factors affecting the structure of electric explosive device.
Many authors have proved that aging can affect severely the material behavior and have discussed the aging effect on material structure [6]; however, the works which examine the simultaneous effect of both humidity and temperature on the corrosion damage and strength of structure of electric explosive device has been quite limited.
The objective of this study was to examine the effects of aging on the corrosion damage and firing behavior of structure of electric explosive device.
During the hygrothermal aging procedure, five samples were taken out every seven days to carry out fire experiment and physical chemistry tested.

The surface and cross-section morphologies, composition depth profile and phase structure were characterized by FESEM, GDOES and XRD, respectively.
The results show that the TiN coating exhibits smooth surface, dense columnar grain structure and an obviously preferred orientation of TiN(111).
The microstructure, composition and phase structure of the coating were analyzed by Nova NanoSEM Scanning Electon Microscope (SEM), GDA750 Glow Discharge Optical Emission Spectroscopy (GDOES) and Rigacu D/max2500 X-ray Diffraction (XRD), respectively.
It can be seen that the TiN coating shows a smooth surface and dense columnar structure which is due to the high ionization efficiency of the arc ion plating process and relatively high temperature.
Huang: Materials Chemistry and Physics Vol. 65 (2000), p. 310 [7] M.

The piezo-spectroscopic (PS) effect, which may be defined as the shift in wavelength of a spectroscopic transition in a solid in response to an applied strain or stress, may occur both in crystalline and in amorphous structures, regardless of the particular spectroscopic transition involved (e.g., luminescence or Raman spectrum), and independent of the specific mechanism of luminescence emission (i.e., including spectra generated from substitutional impurities, optically active point defects, etc.).
CL has traditionally been a very important method for studying the local chemistry and the physical structure of materials into the SEM.
However, the CL spectrum of semiconductor compounds also contains, in addition to features related to the chemistry and to the crystallographic structure of the material, information about the stress state through the PS effect.
Therefore, in addition to already established CL techniques (i.e., based on luminescence intensity assessments), dealing with crystal defects and chemistry, we propose to employ CL PS in local stress assessments and to push this practice towards a nanometer scale, namely to a spatial resolution which is not achievable by conventional laser spectroscopies [12].

Pack chemistries for the pack cementation process were as follow: 70-90 wt.% Si, 5-10 wt.% graphite, 5-10 wt.% SiC and 3-8 wt.% additives.
The morphologies and crystalline structures of the coatings were analyzed using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray diffractometer (XRD).
Compared with the SiC coatings prepared by using Cr2O3 and Al2O3 as infiltration additives, the coating prepared by using MgO as infiltration additive shows a perfect dense structure (Fig. 2 (d)).
These could be explained by the different crystal phase structures of the coatings.
It is due to the dense structure of the as-prepared Si-SiC coating.

The experimental results indicated that a micro-phase separation structure between soft and hard segments was formed, and MWNTs-COOH was tightly encapsulated by PU moieties and homogeneously dispersed in the PUs.
The possible structure of the resulting products and hydrogen bonding interactions between MWNTs-COOH and PU matrices are illustrated in Scheme 1.
The structure was characterized by an EQUINX55 FTIR (Blucker, Germany).
Polarization microscope and XRD findings manifest the existence of microphase separation structures and crystalline structure in hard segment domains of the composite materials resulting from some strong interactions among polar groups (figure not shown).
It is well known that higher temperature would cause -NH-COO- groups to form urea bonds, resulting in a highly-branched or cross-linked structure.

The immersed samples were heated after drying in order to evaporate the polymer foam and produce the porous structure.
Thus, the porous AW-GC will be a bone grafting material and carrier material for bone tissue engineering due to its excellent crystalline structure and microstructure.
(a) macropores structure (b) micropores structure Fig. 3 XRD pattern of porous glass ceramic Fig. 5 SEM morphologies of the material surface after soaking in SBF for (a) 2days (b) 4days (c) 8days Conclusion 1.
The materials possess three-dimensional porous interconnected structure with 300~500um macropores and 2~5um micropores; 3.
Zhou: Chinese Journal of Inorganic Chemistry Vol. 21(2005), p. 331 Fig. 6 Image observed by light Inverted Microscope after MSC culturing with the material for 3 days Fig. 7 SEM morphology of MSC culturing with the material for 7 days