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The "orthogonal" ECA-routes have been shown to be beneficial for rapid grain reduction and formation of HAGBs [2,4,8], giving rise to a slightly higher strength [5,6].
The present data indicate that the structural differences produced by different strain paths, which are pronounced at first ECA-pressings, diminish when the strain is fairly high
It is apparent that the increasing number of pressings gives rise to considerable reduction of the total heat effect upon annealing.
This result is in line with that reported in [12] where the reduction in internal stress after 4 th ECA-pass has been demonstrated for Cu by means of X-ray peak profile analysis.
It is, however, worth noticing that the rate of stress reduction, i.e. the susceptibility to macroscopic strain localization, is practically independent of the processing schedule.

The data obtained are used as the training and test samples to establish BP neural network models of ship’s maximum equivalent stress and maximum shear stress.
The training and testing are completed with the data tested by the shipyard and the correctness of this network is verified.
The data obtained are used as the training and test samples to establish BP neural network models of ship’s maximum equivalent stress and maximum shear stress.
There is a little difference between the results of the neural network trained by the shipyard testing data and the fitted values of neural network.
There is a little difference between the results of the neural network trained by the shipyard testing data and the fitted values of neural network.

A series of data is taken into account: type and characteristics of materials, the shape and size of parts, the manufacturing proces and not the last cost price.
In recent times, material selection is made on a mathematical calculation basis, which has the advantage that in finding the solution or the optimal material, and it does not call upon the data stored in the existing databases, but it calculates the mathematical requirements in each case. 
Frequently, such an objective function refers to the reduction in material consumption, usually expressed by the mass of the projected component.
The data are being presented in Table 3.
The material selection was made on the basis of a mathematical calculation, which has the advantage that finds the solution or the optimal material. it does not use the data stored in the existing databases, but calculates rigorously mathematically each case.

Ma[8] used series of experimental data to prove that Eq. (2) was suitable for expressing the mean velocity profile of non-equilibrium turbulent boundary layers, and demonstrated that the effect of the pressure gradient was mainly extension of the wake region and reduction of the log region.
The results were compared with experiment data of Samuel and Joubert, which was shown respectively in Fig. 2, 3 and 4.
From Fig. 6, the calculation of the friction coefficient Cf was in good agreement with the data with mean error of 5.52%.
Fig. 2 Comparison between the calculation of boundary layer thickness δ and the experiment data.
Fig. 3 Comparison between the calculation of wake parameter and the experiment data.

To achieve sustainability in manufacturing the gear pumps, the design team should follow some key objectives, like: material saving, waste reduction, minimizing energy consumption, maintaining economic efficiency, etc.
The reduction of the gears modulus will decrease the bearing capacity of the micropump by reducing the geometrical volume between two consecutive teeth.
Linear alignment of the axis of the micropump gears ensures a reduction in bearing loads and a uniformity of the forces acting on the teeth flanks.
In order to evaluate the specific flow rate of the re-designed micropump with a new gear pair, there were considered the following data extracted by measurements from the 3D model: section of the gap in the normal plane (4.606 mm2), and in the frontal plane (4.727 mm2), the length of the cylindrical helix considered on the pitch cylinder of the gear (l = 9.05 mm = the tooth length on helix) corresponding to the gears width (b = 8.9 mm).
Pantazis, Reduction of delivery fluctuation and optimum tooth profile of spur gear rotary pumps.

In order to determine the phase composition and abundance of the as-synthsized simples, Rietveld refinement has been performed to analyze the XRD data using the Rietan-2000 program.
In order to determine the phase composition and abundance of the as-synthesized simples, Rietveld refinement has been performed to analyze the XRD data using the Rietan-2000 program.
(a) Rietveld refined XRD patterns of the sample with experimental data (red dots), calculated profiles (black line), allowed Bragg diffraction positions (vertical bars) and difference curve (blue line).
Table 1 listed the calculation data from Rietveld refined XRD and the data from paper.
Oku, Synthesis of boron nitride and carbon nanomaterials through a solid phase reduction process, Mater.

The meta-model is constructed based on training data which consist of the training points generated via Design of Experiments (DoE) and responses of the original model evaluated in these training points.
Fig. 1: Training data: Design of Experiments in 2D (left), response (right) of the full model represented by red points in the black support points.
Figure 2 brings an example of results of such test with artificial data.
Legend (also for Figures 3, 4): the shortest data bar - the best, the longest data bar - the worst.
At the same time we gain valuable information also about the used meta-models, their approximation ability for the actual problem or their sensitivity to different training data.

Boundary dataset provided by National Centers for Environmental Prediction, NCEP FNL, (Final) Operational Global Analysis data which are on 10 x 10.
The simulated temperatures by WRF with four land surface options, i.e., no land surface scheme (option 0), thermal diffusion (option 1), Noah land-surface (option 2) and RUC land-surface (option 3) were compared against observational data from Thai Meteorological Department (TMD).
The meteorological data from National Centers for Environmental Prediction NCEP FNL (Final) Operational Global Analysis data is prepared by the WRF Preprocessing System (WPS) used for model initial and boundary conditions.
The applications of four land surface options, i.e., no land surface scheme (option 0), thermal diffusion (option 1) [5], Noah land-surface (option 2) [6] and RUC land-surface (option 3) [7] generate air surface temperatures over northern Thailand to compared against observational data from Thai Meteorological Department (TMD).
Total number of stations that simulated data compared with observations is n.

Although monitoring devices have existed for some time, they have typically required a controlled environment, hard wired cables, and immense effort to obtain data making their application to civil structures difficult.
Furthermore, site-specific data greatly facilitates the adoption and implementation of performance-based design methods where the engineer is responsible for the characterization of all load and resistance parameters.
A concern in the adoption of these models has been that they require a great deal of input data to execute.
Such an approach requires the adoption of methods and metrics suited for probabilistic data and capable of quantifying the benefit of increased levels of safety over time.
Probabilistic Treatment of Bridge Monitoring data and Associated Errors for Reliability Assessment and Prediction, Proceedings, IALCCE08, June 11-14, 2008, Como, Italy. [20] Frangopol, D.M., and Messervey, T. (2007).

The prepared H2PdCl4, together with 0.05 g PVP (6.25 µmol), was added into 10 ml EG, followed by the addition of 10 ml of 1.325 M NaOH dissolved previously in EG, which serves as initiator for the chemical reduction of Pd2+ by EG.
Each set of the volumetric flow rate data represents an average of 3 replicates.
TEM analysis showed the presence of Pd nanoparticles after chemical reduction (Figure 1).
It is clear from the image that after reaction with EG, Pd nanoparticles became rounder and the triangle crystallites appeared which could be formed by reduction of Pd from addition of EG.
These results also indicated that fine and extremely small Pd nanoparticles can be obtained by merely adding NaOH to accelerate the reduction of Pd(II) at room temperature in EG without need for external reducing agent [3].