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For example, Fig. 3 can be used to determine the minimum distance between the salt caverns, to find safe places for people to stay, and to identify proper areas for storing flammable and explosive materials.
Zhang: China Safety Science Journal, Vol. 19 (9) (2009), p.125.
Ahn: Journal of hazardous materials, Vol. 97(1) (2003), p. 31
Pietersen: Journal of Hazardous Materials,Vol. 20 (1988), p. 85
Wang: Advanced Materials Research, Vol. 396 (2012), p. 66

Introduction Aseptic loosening is still plagued the field of orthopedic problems.Currently accepted biological reasons for aseptic loosening is macrophages-mediated osteoclastic bone resorption by the wear particles.Advances in materials science make a variety of new bio-metal materials abound.
Artificial joint prosthesis material properties lead to general machining can not process which process hard materials specially (the processing hardness of the tool is not enough).
Through the standardisation of methods of particle preparation and characterization,it will be possible to compare the results from future studies of the biological response with materials currently in use and with new materials being developed.
Acknowledgements Thank the teachers of Central Laboratory of Nanchang University, Materials Science.
[3]A Sabokbar, R Pandey, N A Athanasou; Journal of materials science: materials in medicine, 2003, (14) : 731- 738

References [1] C.DIIACONI, A.LOPEZ, R.RAMADORI, ANDR.PASSIN: Environ.Sci.Technol Vol. 37 (2003), p. 3199–3205 [2] Jorge José, Regina de Fátima Peralta Muniz Moreira: Journal of Hazardous Materials Vol.135 (2006), p. 274–279 [3] M.
Gierycz: Journal of Hazardous Materials Vol.186 (2011) , p. 288–292 [8] R.
Espindola, Paulo Olivi: Journal of Hazardous Materials Vol.153 (2008) , p. 616 –627 [13] Jing-wei FENG, Ya-bing SUN, Zheng ZHENG, Ji-biao ZHANG, Shu LI, Yuan-chun TIAN: Journal of Environmental Sciences Vol.19 (2007) , p. 1409–1415 [14] Sajjad Haydar, Javed Anwar Aziz: Journal of Hazardous Materials Vol.168 (2009), p.1035–1040 [15] S.G.
Schröder: Chemosphere Vol.56(2004), p. 411–423 [16] Sirajuddin, Lutfullah Kakakhel, Ghosia Lutfullah, Muhammad Iqbal Bhanger, Afzal Shah, Abdul Niaz: Journal of Hazardous Materials Vol.148 (2007) , p.560–565 [17] Ugur Kurt, Omer Apaydin, M.
Talha Gonullu: Journal of Hazardous Materials Vol.143 (2007), p.33–40 [18] Sajjad Haydar, Javed Anwar Aziz: Journal of Hazardous Materials Vol.163(2009) , p.1076–1083 [19] Lidia Szpyrkowicz, Santosh N.

Introduction Strain analysis is an important topic and technology in civil and mechanical engineering especially for studying non-homogeneous materials and the phenomenon of stress concentration.
Hsu of National Cheng-Kung University in Taiwan has conducted researches on the directional behavior of brick walls for many years; no conclusive results can be obtained because of the diversified materials used and construction levels.
Henry: Journal of Testing and Evaluation, 29(2), 115-122 (2001)
Großer: Materials Mechanics – Fracture Mechanics – Micromechanics, Eds.
Sung: Sadhana Academy Proceedings in Engineering Sciences, 33, 767-779 (2008).

Therefore, plenty of effort has been devoted to the investigation of NLO materials.
Acknowledgements This work was financially supported by Program for National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 51172111, No. 10979029 and No. 11204148), and National Engineering Research Center for Optoelectronic Crystalline Materials (2007k08).
References [1] YAO Jian-quan, LU Yang, ZHANG Bai-gang, WANG Peng: Journal of Optoelectronics· Laser.
Lett. 69 (1996).p.13 [6] Hui Xu, Bing Teng, Zheng he Yu, Fei You, Degao Zhong,Shiming Zhang, Yuejuan Yu,Jiangtao Ma: Advanced Materials Research Vols.197-198 (2011) .pp.358-361 [7] Fei You, Jin Sun, Bing Teng, Lin-Hua Xia, Xin-Xing Jiang,Hui Xu, De-Gao Zhong3,c and Romano A Rupp:Materials Science Forum Vol. 686 (2011). pp.392-395 [8] K.
Kalainathan: Materials Research Bulletin 42 (2007) .pp.81–1887 [9] R.

Lagashetty, A.Venkataraman, Polymer Nanocomposites Resonance, Journal of Science Education 10 (5) (2005) 49-60
Science of Advanced Materials 3 (2011) 1-25
Ahmed, Influence of Silica Nanoparticles on the Properti of Nanocomposite Based on Epoxy as Concrete Protective Coating, Materials Science Forum 1089 (2023)153-163
Ota, Effect of Silane Coupling Agent Concentration on Interfacial Properties of Basalt Fiber Reinforced Composites, Journal of Materials Science and Engineering A 13(2)
Balasubramanian, investigations on mechanical properties of basalt powder filled vinyl ester composites, IOP Conference Series Materials Science and Engineering (2020) 012094, IOP Publishing

Abrasion Wear of Heterogeneous Materials MAKAROVA Natalya Valentinovna1, a, POLONIK Marina Vasilyevna2, b 110 Pushkinskaya St., Engineering school, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia 25 Radio St., Institute of Automation and Control Processes of the Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, Russia amaknat@bk.ru, bpolonik@iacp.dvo.ru Keywords: Wear, Abrasion resistant, Concrete surface.
Application of theoretical and experimental contact mechanics methods to an estimation of strength and durability of concrete constructions is hampered as against designs from metal, ceramics and other materials because of concrete structure singularities.
Concrete is a heterogeneous material with brittle cement stone matrix and rigid particles.
Huovinen, Abrasion of concrete by ice in arctic sea structures, ASI Materials Journal, 87, No.3 (1990) 266-270
Makarova, Experimental and theoretical investigation on abrasion strength of concrete, Assesment of reliability of materials and structures: problems and solutions: proc. of the intern. conf., SPb. (2008) 219-224

Boundary Separation Approaching Rapid Casting Zeng Feng 1, a, Yao Shan2, Jiao Zhong-Fei2, Zhao Shu-Ming2, Yang Tong2 1 Computer School, JiaYing University, Meizhou, Guangdong province, 514015, China 2 School of Material Science and Engineering, Dalian university of technology, Dalian, Liaoning province, 116024, China azengfeng@jyu.edu.cn Keywords: rapid casting, rapid prototyping, casting propeller Abstract.
It is based on computer numerical control, computer graphics, materials science and technology, computer aided design, digital manufacturing, and laser technology.
References [1] Esposito Corcione AG C and Montagna F, "Silica Moulds Built by Stereo lithography", Journal of Materials Science, 2005, (4): 123-139
Dickens, "Structural Design and Resin Drainage Characteristics of Quick Cast 2.0", Rapid Prototyping Journal, 2001, 7(2): 66-72
[4] Y.Tang, J.Y.H.Fuh and H.T.Loh, "Direct laser sintering of a silica sand", Materials and Design, 2003, (4): 623-629

Computational model By use of standard mean variables in material sciences, we analyze the special feature of the non-Newtonian equations, for the resistance to the extensional and simple shear [12,13].
Fig.2 The effective boundar-layer stress on each time step in the numeric computing Apart from solving mathematic model; using FEM to analyze the numerical solution; and data analysis for the boundary layer [8-11], we also developed further understanding for the non-Newtonian materials in the impact model of the crash safety experiment.
[5] Hou,L.and Nassehi V , Evaluation of the stress effects flow in rubber mixing, Nonlinear analysis, Elsevier Sciences, Journal， 47- 3, （2001）1809-1820
Fleck, Size effect in constrained deformation of metallic foams [J], Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, 50(2002), 955-977
[13] X.James Ren and Vadim V.Silberschmidt, Numerical modeling of low-density cellular materials [J], Computational materials Science. 2008(43): 65-74.

Ultrasonic machining has been proven to be a promising machining method on hard and brittle materials.
Wang: Material Science and Engineering A-Structural Materials Properties Microstructure and Processing, Vol.479 (2008), pp:373-379
Xu: Key Engineering Materials, Vols. 375-376 (2008), pp:27-32
Xu: Key engineering materials, Vol. 250 (2003), pp:46-53
Kim: Journal of Materials Processing Technology, Vol.191 (2007), pp:153-156.