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Before the implantation the surface preparation of samples were made by automata polishing equipment, the finally diamond grain size was 0.25 µm.
The test conditions were the following: the loading force was 5 N, the stroke was 200 µm, the frequency was 20 Hz and the number of cycles was 50000.
Fig.3 shows the recorded friction coefficient as a function of cycle number of the implanted samples.
unimplanted 0.5 MeV N+ 2 MeV C+ 0 10 20 30 40 50 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 Friction coefficient, f Number of cycles, n [103] Fig.3.
In the surface layer nano size "bubbles" were also created on the boundaries of Si3N4 grains due to the built up N +-ions. 3.

In order to verify the reliability of computer vision information detection system, this paper selects 5 kinds of peanut to carry out quality testing, each kind of peanut is detected in 200 grains, which is mainly detected in normal classes, different varieties, mildew and imperfect grain number [9,10].
Comparison table of different detection methods Check project Manual detection Computer vision detection Testing experts Normal class 936 912 908 Mildew class 40 45 46 Variation class 5 9 10 Incomplete 14 15 17 It can be seen from Figure 6, the differences between the three different detection methods are relatively large, which experts detection is the standard detection methods, artificial detection and testing standards gap are relatively large, the test results of computer vision quality inspection standard is relatively closer, which the closest is variation number of detection, it is only a difference one, to prove the reliability of computer vision detection technology.
The characteristics of independent component detection maize embryo of the application grain RGB images [J].
A large number of maize varieties Identification based on maize image processing [J].

The model number of cement is P.C 32.5.
The maximum grain size in the tests is 60 mm.
The oversized grain is dealt with by the similar grading method and the equal-weight replacement method.
Specimens are made by the same grain gradation and dry density of 1.98g/cm3.
The rockfill specimens under confining pressures σ3 of 200, 400, 800 and 1200kPa, are numbered with symbols DS2, DS4, DS8 and DS12, respectively.

The parameter of the deicing salt resistance is evaluated in the Czech Republic through the scaling from the sample exposed to 3% NaCl solution after prescribed numbers of frosting-defrosting cycles (see ČSN 731326).
This phenomenon becomes evident more markedly in concretes with cone settlement over 150 mm and causes a different grain arrangement at mould walls in comparison with the inside of the structure.
Areas near the mould are richer in cement mortars, big grains on the surface are not as abundant as inside the structure.
The moving of smoother causes the pushing of big aggregate grains inside and a higher concentration of cement mortar on the surface; at the same time, smaller grains are rolled away to more distant places.

The main material properties of pine columns were as follows: tensile strength parallel to grain was 115.5MPa, compression strength parallel to grain was 44.8MPa, bending strength is 116.8MPa, shear strength parallel to grain is 8.4MPa, elastic modulus of bending is 11978.6MPa.
Failure Modes Unstrengthened specimens: crushing in the middle of specimen, resulting in a number of vertical cracks, as shown in Fig3.
HFRP Layer numbers Ultimate Bearing Capacity（kN） increment（%） Unstrengthened Timber Column （Pine） C1 N/A 276.5 / C2 N/A 273 / strengthened Timber Column （Pine） C3 1 294.8 6.6 C4 1 300.1 8.2 C5 2 320.8 16.8 C6 2 312.7 13.8 Unstrengthened Timber Column （Fir） C7 N/A 250.5 / C8 N/A 250.2 / strengthened Timber Column （Fir） C9 1 271.4 8.4 C10 1 262.9 5.0 C11 2 277.8 11.0 C12 2 292.7 16.9 Axial Compressive Bearing Capacity After strengthened with HFRP sheets, the axial compressive bearing capacities of specimens were improved significantly.
HFRP Layer numbers Ultimate Bearing Capacity（kN） increment（%） Unstrengthened Timber Column （Pine） C1 none 4194 / C2 none 4072 / strengthened Timber Column （Pine） C3 1 4591 11.1 C4 1 4500 8.9 C5 2 6620 60.2 C6 2 6319 52.9 Unstrengthened Timber Column （Fir） C7 none 3013 / C8 none 2913 / strengthened Timber Column （Fir） C9 1 3603 21.6 C10 1 3303 11.5 C11 2 4646 56.8 C12 2 4235 42.9 Compared to unconfined specimens, after being strengthened with HFRP sheets, the axial compressive bearing capacities and peak compression strains had been significantly improved.

The higher the temperature, the more the number of bonds that will be broken.
The transport of the Li+ ions through the material involves movement across crystalline structures and grain boundaries.
For the case of the normal materials, the Li+ ions have a longer path length through the rigid crystal structure and relatively well defined grain boundaries.
On the other hand, for the nanomaterial case, the distance traversed by the Li+ ions is shorter and the grain boundaries is softer whereby the resistance to motion is believed to be less.
When particle size decreases, the number of surface ions with respect to the number of inner ions increases due to the increase of the surface area to volume ratio.

From the microscopic point of view metallic materials contain crystal grains of different sizes and orientations.
Each of grains has different level of strain energy stored in the crystal lattice.
When a metal material starts to accumulate plastic deformation, each grain is subject to slip and yields successively.
However, a robust cyclic plasticity model with higher number of parameters, which should be estimated using a lot of experimental fatigue test data, is often required for correct description of material behavior [3].
Fig. 1 A photo from experiments Fig. 2 A scheme of used specimen Table 1 – Tests definition Strain controlled tests Ab±0.22 % ±0.5 % (13c)a +0.75 % (1/2c)a -0.22 % +0.25 % -0.22 % B ±0.22 % ±0.5 % (13c)a ±0.75 % (13c)a ±1 % (13c)a C 0.75 % 1.5 % 2.25 % 3 % a13c represents number of cycles in the loadcase, the number of cycles of other unnoted loadcases is 25.

The grain diffusion plays a significant role in the mass transport through scales.
. 2.2 Formation of voids and the excess compound in scales The change in number of mole of the compound in a unit time ( MXabn t   ) is a measure.
This fact indicates that grain boundary diffusion strongly affects to the scale growth.
These results have indicated that the oxygen potential dependence of cation diffusivity is similar both in grain boundary and lattice in magnetite.
These effective diffusion coefficients indicated that formation of magnetite was strongly dependent of grain boundary diffusion at 823 K.

FSW has several advantages over the conventional welding process, such as a reduction in the number of welding defects, the absence of noise and harmful rays, as well as better mechanical properties and low residual stress[2,3].
In addition, the electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) technique was employed for the quantitative measurement of the grain size.
The DXZ in the FS welded zone was grain refined by severe plastic deformation.
The DXZ has a much finer grain structure compared to the BM.
There is almost no dislocation inside the grains.

In the 1960s, a number of Zn-Al alloys such as ZA8, ZA12 and ZA27 were developed in America and Canada [3].
In the course of warm-compacting, grains with homogeneous compositions congregated and became clusters, while the interfaces (the bright stripes and cracks shown in the picture) appeared because the clusters formed by the grains with different composition were difficult to cluster.
The more microscopial structure of the alloy was studied using SEM, It revealed that the fine grains in the alloy were basically distributed homogeneously and dispersed (Fig. 3).
The reason is that the rapid solidification was used for producing the powders producing, causing the high cooling rate to increase the probability of nucleation, and consequently decreasing the size of the grains.