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Moreover, the grains distributed more uniform and the surface roughness was smaller in the Ce3+-doped TiO2 films than in the undoped one.
The bright-field TEM images of the TiO2 films shown in Fig.2 reveal that the grains are in size range of 20-30 nm.
It can be seen that there are a large number of crystal clusters and cracks in the undoped TiO2 film (Fig.2a), but in the Ce3+-doped TiO2 film (Fig.2b), the nanocrystals distribute uniformly, Ce3+-doping improves the surface structure of the TiO2 films.
The large grains on the undoped film surface result form the crystal clusters of anatase.

Eutectic silicon exhibits a coarse plate-like and acicular morphology and the fishbone like Al2Cu phases are gathered at the grain boundary.
Through solid solution and aging treatment, the matrix of the alloy can form a large number of dispersed G.P zone or transition precipitation to strengthen the alloy.
With the high content of Cu and Mg, the Cu-containing phases can be clearly observed at the grain boundary in the microstructure, as highlighted in the red box in Fig. 1b.
Eutectic silicon exhibited a coarse plate-like and acicular morphology and the fishbone like Al2Cu phases are gathered at the grain boundary. 2.

On the basis of integrating previous research results and researching a large number of shallow stratigraphic sections of paleochannels in the South Yellow Sea Shelf in detail, identification and research of Yangtze River and Yellow River paleochannels in the South Yellow Sea Shelf are carried out in this paper.
For example, for a large number of buried former river valleys found in the inner shelf outside the Yangtze River estuary [1], Liu et al. (2009) thought that the ancient Yangtze River is braided river course-based in the inner shelf outside the Yangtze River estuary during the Last Glacial Maximum and Deglacialation of the late Pleistocene [2].
Carbonate contents in the sediments of the Yangtze River and Yellow River change significantly with the change of grain size distribution.
Yangtze River carbonate content is gradually reduced with the grain size decreased, while the carbonate content of the Yellow River is increased with the grain size decreased [18].
Yellow River is significantly higher than the Yangtze River in the content of fine-graded carbonate, mainly because the Yellow River has inherited the characteristic of fine-grained parts in the yellow soil carbonate being mainly composed of cements and silt-graded debris.

The results showed that vanadium carbide coating is dense, with fine grain structure and high bonding strength.
It can be seen from the figure that VC coating with several microns thickness is compact, the coating is composed of a layer of fine vanadium carbide grains, and the interface line between coating and substrate is very obvious.
Another reason may be attributable to the high interface bonding strength of substrate and coating and ultra-fine vanadium carbide grains.
VC surface coating produced by salt bath vanadizing process, composed of a layer of fine vanadium carbide grains, is compact and the bonding strength of coating and substrate is very high, which are in favor of improvement of wear resistance of vanadizing coating. 2.
The failure form is that surface wear furrows constantly deepen and increase in the number and microcracks produce under the bonding interface and extend to the coating, finally, high stresses at crack tip make coating rupture and spall.

Heat treatment under threshold at pulse energy density ≥ 0.25 J/cm2 revealed a rise of the surface layer with traces of high-temperature plastic deformation in the form of slippage on grain boundaries and crystallographic slip.
During the heat treatment the energy and the number of laser pulses were varied.
Grain boundaries were visualized; in some of them traces of crystallographic slip were observed.
The grain boundaries were clearly manifested.
In the subthreshold heat treatment mode (at pulse energy density ≥ 0.25 J/cm2), a rise in the surface layer with the appearance of traces of high-temperature plastic deformation in the form of slipping along grain boundaries and crystallographic slip was also detected.

The results showed that: Droplet-like particles appear in the microstructure of nitride thin films, and the grain size of droplet-like particles in AlN thin films is greater than in TiN thin films.
From the picture, the grain sizes of AIN thin film are relative uniform, though there are lots of droplet particles which the size is great, the quantity is large distributed in a great range of thin TiN thin film Stainless steel AIN thin film about the second group parameters AIN thin film about the first group parameters Fig 1.The experimental nitride films’ macroscopic picture film.
This is because that Arc ion plating (AIP) has the advantage of high ionizing efficiency, ion current is main product of arc, meanwhile, the droplets which has a certain velocity and energy ,erupted from explosion Material on Target surface in a burning pit(formed by ablating on the target surface) ,formed in a vacuum, deposit on the substrate and become the particle’s droplet with the condition of accelerating electric fields to the substrate .After droplets reach the surface of film, three forms appear on it :it is accelerated to the substrate and ejected to the sputtering pit ;it forms to visible grain deposited on the film surface in the state of droplet( As shown in Fig. 2(b));it is adhered on the unfolded surface of film in the final stage of coating (As shown in Fig. 2(c)).
The grain size of thin film is more uniform.
It also exists the droplet particles in TiN films, however, comparing to the what has showing in the (a) of the Fig. 2, the droplet size, number and the distribution in the TiN thin films are smaller than the which in the AlN thin films.

The system is also a diluted one since at the Fe and Mn sites, and due to the presence of the nonmagnetic Al atoms, the average number of first neighbors bearing magnetic moment depends on composition (if the alloys have quenched disorder that the number of magnetic first neighbors fluctuates along the crystalline lattice).
The peaks of the Fourier transformed spectra have the local structural information, such as the coordination number and the bonding distance, and the information on the vibration of neighboring atoms [10].
This indicates that the number of Fe–Fe direct bonds was decreased due to the diffusion of Mn and Al atoms into the bcc Fe shells.
The Ms is decreased because thereis a decrease in the particle size and a change in the composition of a mixed powder, the transition from Fe, Al and Mn grains to Fe55Mn10Al35 grains.
We can see that Ms rapidly decreases in the range of 1 - 12 hrs because changes in the structure of mixed powder from Fe grains to Fe55Mn35Al10 grains occur [11,12].

The nuclear energy reactors will radiate a large number of rays in the process of nuclear energy production.
The Brinell hardness number of each sample obtained from the average value of six different points on testing surface.
B controls the grain size of the Pb-B alloys, since they prevent grain growth.
(1) Here, σ0 is the friction stress, k is the constant and D is the grain size.
The strength and hardness increase as the grain size of the alloys diminishes.

Sample Number O2（sccm） Ar（sccm） Oxygen partial pressure Deposition time (hr) Substrate Temperature (°C) A 3 50 5.66% 1 Room temperature B 4 50 7.41% 1 Room temperature C 5 50 9.09% 1 Room temperature D 6 50 10.71% 1 Room temperature Results and discussion The square resistance as a function of oxygen content is given by Figure.1.
Generally, annealing led to atomic energies change, which is beneficial for atom migration and crystallization of the films, and grain sizes increase with annealing temperature.
So the samples resistance increased with the grain sizes.
The process partially offsets grain boundary effects on the TCR, and the total TCR decreases.
The proper deposition oxygen flow rate is necessary to obtain films with large grain sizes, low grain boundary densities, high carrier mobility, and low resistivity.

Two-step sintering has been applied to decrease grain growth during sintering.
The ceramic with average grain size of 100 nm was obtained by one-step sintering.
Two-step sintering of TiO2 led to decreasing of ceramics average grain size below 50 nm.
Two-step sintering of TiO2 led to nanosize grains that acelerated apatite formation rate on TiO2 surface.
UV-light irradiation increased number of Ti-OH groups on the surface of TiO2 that act as interactive sites for apatite nucleation.