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It can be seen that element movement is rigid movement, and normal and shear relative displacement reflect deformation (continuum) and interaction (non-continuum) of materials, These equations of above include motion (equations(1)-(2)), constitutive equation (equation(3), or(4)) and geometric equations((5),-(6)) , which constitute basic equations of distinct element method.
Acknowledge This work was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing.
(No CSTC, 2012jjA900015, CSTC,2012jjA90008,CSTC,2010cA0005)and Nature Natural Science Foundation (No51276195).
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The tool materials used for joining these base material plates are High Speed Steel (HSS) and High Chromium High Carbon Steel (HCHCr).
The selection of the tool material depends on the material of the workpiece to be welded.
Of the two tool materials, namely HCHCr and HSS, the latter was found to produce good quality sound welds having taper cylindrical threaded pin & 35mm long shoulder tool geometry.
Balasubramanian in: Multi-Response optimization of friction stir welded AA1100 aluminium alloy joints, Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance Vol. 21 (2012), p. 809-822 [4] Y.
Kumar and Satish V.Kalidas in: The role of friction stir welding tool on material flow and weld formation Materials Science and Engineering A 485 (2008), p.367-374.

Material removal mechanism of ER fluid-assisted polishing The material removal mechanism of the ER fluid-assisted polishing is schematically shown in Fig.1.
Kuriyagawa: International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture Vol. 48 (2008), p. 295-306
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Mathematical Model A few assumptions were made as follows: (a) all the materials of a pavement structure are homogeneous and isotropic (b) heat conducts only along vertical direction (c) interface between any two materials is intact.
Fig.1 Schematic diagram for the vertical section of a pavement structure Heat conduction equation can be written as follows ( i=1,2,…,n) (1) Where is temperature function for the ith-lamination material,,andare heat conductivity, heat specific and density respectively, is time, is vertical coordinate. n is number of materials, and where the nth-layer material is foundation soil.
Cracks or fissures can take place and develop if the temperature stress reaches or exceeds the strength index of pavement materials.
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Properties of the workpiece materials are presented in Table 1.
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Journal of TongJi University: Natural Science, 2006, 34(5):586-592.
ACI Materials Journal, 2005,102 (4): 256-264
Construction and Building Materials, 2001(5): 361-368
Journal of Building Materials,2013,16(5): 869-875.
Constuction and Building Materials, 2007, 21(4): 855-864

Stamen structure, filament movement and its mechanism was analyzed and discussed, with cosmos and small sunflowers as experimental materials, by using morphological anatomy, microscopic measurement, tabletting observation.
Materials and methods 1.1 Experimental material Potted sunflowers and gardened cosmos were chosen as experimental materials, the seeds of potted sunflowers saved in our laboratory were sowed in tray-soilless during Tomb-sweeping Day, the plants were transplanted into flowerpots after true leaves opened and 80 days when they turned into florescence sampled; cosmos, in the anthesis October, were sampled in northern continental margin of Dushu Lake campus of Soochow University. 1.2 Experimental methods 1.2.1 Morphology of floral organs of cosmos and its movement.
Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2009, 33(1): 222-236
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Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2010, 34(1): 89-99.

The block materials were prepared. 2) The blocks were dried and broken into little pieces in a crucial point machine.
There are powder materials in not scanning section.
When the materials are preheated, the density and thermal resistance increase, it is easier to form layer adhesion for the reducing internal stress.
Yadroitsev, Rapid Prototyping Journal, Vol. l0 (2004), p.88
Chinese Journal of High Pressure Physics.

Experimental Program Materials.
Advances in Materials Science and Engineering, 2014. 2014
Construction and Building Materials, 2016. 102: p. 155-161
Development of high workability grout on semi rigid wearing course. in IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. 2019.
Road Materials and Pavement Design, 2018. 21(1): p. 1-17