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It was found that the distribution of metal impurities Al, Ca, Ti and Na, which co-deposited with Si and formed different intermetallic phases at grain boundaries, had manifest distinction between precipitated phase and silicon.
Due to metal impurities Fe, Al, Ca and Ti have small segregation coefficient between solid and liquid silicon (Table 1), which can be readily co-precipitated at grain boundaries and formed different intermetallic phases, such as FeSi2, Si2FeTi, CaAl2Si1.5, Si7Al8Fe5 etc [7].
From Figure 1(a) and 1(b), it is clearly found that some intermetallic phases like Si-Fe, Si-Fe-Al-Ca and Si-Fe-Ti were generated at grain boundaries during the cooling process of silicon molten; meanwhile, most metal impurities, except Na, wasn’t remained in silicon.
Similar to the MG-Si feedstock metal impurities also co-precipitated and formed different intermetallic phases at grain boundaries, but the primary intermetallic phase was Si-Fe-Ti and Si-Fe-Ca-Ti.
Additionally, the number of intermetallic phase is also reduced in precipitated phase after slag treatment.

The effect of energy density and pulse number on the nitrided phase was investigated, nitride was formed after α、γ、α´、ε and α´´ nitride phase.
The content of ε phase increases with the increase of energy density and pulse number, and the threshold of laser nitriding energy density is 1.8 × 102 J/cm2 [11].
Because of the great cold speed, a large number of nucleation and TiN has no chance of growing up to form nanocrystals.
The amount of TiN in the melting zone is the maximum at the surface, the number is also decreasing when far away from the surface.
The grain size of TiN near the parent material is relatively small, and the grain size near the melting zone is relatively large.

Test results show that the oxide of the bauxite are alumina, silicon dioxide, ferric oxide; the mineral composition are mainly kaolinite, hydrogarnet and hematite; the grain of the slimes are silt and clay with a small amount of sand; the microscopic structure of bauxite is "super impracticable structure"; the total pore volume is 0.441ml/g; the total pore surface area is 6.747m2/g; the specific surface area of the grain is 131.53m2/g; the main ion exchange is K+ and the exchange capacity is 0.26-0.32mg/g; the average coefficient of permeability is 3.05×10-6cm/se; the average moisture content is 130.3%; the average limit of liquidity is 57.1%; the average coefficient of compressibility is 0.79; the avera- ge cohesion is 23kPa; the average internal friction angle is 10.2°, so the slimes is high liquid limit, high compression and low shear strength soil; the water holding capacity of the slimes is 79~93%; the slurry concentration which had stacked more than 18 months is 49.92%, so the slimes
The particle size distribution of the slimes Particle size distribution (%) 5~2 mm 2~0.5 mm 0.5~0.25 mm 0.25~0.075 mm 0.075~0.005 mm <0.005 mm irregularity coefficient Cu number 141 141 141 141 141 141 7 range values 0-7 0-57 0-35 1-26 6-72 2-48 4.65-95.6 average value 0.2 3.1 5.4 5.7 53.5 32.0 48.17 Table 5.
A1 A2 A3 A4 number 8 6 9 17 range values 7.0×10-8-1.99×10-6 3.0×10-8-6.18×10-7 4.7×10-8-3.2×10-5 2.2×10-8-7.15×10-5 average value 6.5×10-7 3.17×10-7 6.74×10-6 4.5×10-6 Table 7.
Coefficient of consolidation statistics of the slimes Load grade（kPa） 100 200 300 400 600 800 number 8 8 8 8 8 8 range values 0.70-1.44 0.48-0.98 0.41-0.82 0.34-0.70 0.32-0.63 0.27-0.46 average value 1.19 0.78 0.64 0.53 0.48 0.38 Physical and mechanical properties Table 8 shows that the water content of slimes fluctuant largely, the average water content is 130.3%; the range values are 17.9%-335.5%.
A1 A2 A3 A4 number 14 11 3 5 range values 1.2~3.6 1.4~4.4 1.7~4.7 1.9~4.9 average value 2.22 2.53 3.3 3.19 Table 11.

In stir zone fine grains were found because of the smaller size of grains in this zone than in TMAZ and HAZ [18-21].
The fine grains were found in the stir zone.
The size of grains in the stir zone was smaller than the size of grains in TMAZ and HAZ.
Fine grains were formed with smaller size.
This shows the uniformly distributed silicides of alloying elements along with aluminum which shows the number of visual discontinuities in weld zone and base metal.

FTIR spectra for pristine as well as the irradiated samples were recorded for wave number ranges from 4000-400 cm-1 using the KBr pellet method.
Hexagonal ferrites (SrFe12O19) are widely known as technical materials having applications in a number of electronic and/or magnetic devices.
The possible explanation for this kind of structural modification induced by SHI irradiation can be related with change in grain size.
Increased FWHM value for irradiated sample confirms the reduction in grain size of Sr-M ferrite [15-17].
But for the case of SrFe12O19 prepared by SHS route, grain size decreases from 79 nm to 48 nm with Ag16+ irradiation.

The morphology and grain size of primary α-phase, the amount and morphology of eutectic silicon, the distribution and size of CaSi2Al2 and residual titanium hydride particles were studied.
The primary α phase changes from well-developed dendrites to granular grains.
The grain size decreases to 0.15mm inside the foam cell wall from about 1.1mm in the base alloy.
A number of small openings and permeable cracks are made by drilling holes or compression.

In the case of [100] as shown in Fig. 4(b), the number of equivalent positions on both sides is different as four and two.
In the two other cases [001] and [210] as shown in Fig. 4(a) and 4(c), the numbers are same as three and three.
So, the [100] direction with different number on each side should show piezoelectricity contrary to [100] and [210] directions with same number.
Grain-oriented BSmT ceramics were obtained by using a templated grain growth technique[11,12].
In addition, the τf could be controlled over a wide range to a desired value by adjusting the grain orientation in the specimen.

Diamond film radiation detectors have a number of advantages, such as anti-interference, high sensitivity and against radiation ability, it can work under normal temperature. especilally in a measurement of α rays.
The diamond grain size obtained by using coarse grain size of diamond powder treatment is relatively large, and relatively large grain defects[6-7].
Figure. 6 X-ray diffraction patterns and SEM images of the composition of gas source experiment From the figure we can see that the nucleation density of 2# sample is better than 1#, the densification of the films enhanced, the grain was spherical.
Figure. 8 AFM images of diamond films It can be seen from the figure that sample 3# away from the plasma growed layered, the sample 1# is non-uniform, the sample 2# is normal, grain size, and uniform growth.
Due to the presence of temperature gradient, the number of atomic hydrogen and carbon groups changs significantly from the region within the plasma ball to plasma ball edge and the downstream region.

In this investigation, solid electrolyte dendrites composed of YSZ spatial lattice structures with various coordination numbers were fabricated successfully by using micro pattering stereolithography and powder sintering techniques.
Fig. 1 Computer graphic models of lattice distributions in dendrite structures with coordination number four.
These surface areas of reaction interfaces and the gap volume of stream paths were calculated geometrically for the dendrite lattice with four coordination numbers as shown in Fig. 2.
The average grain size is 4µm.
The average grain size was approxi-mately 4 µm.

It was showed that: (1) the single-pulse deposition zone presents irregular spattering shape and the phase of coatings was made up of TiC0.51N0.12 spherocrystal and dendritic crystal, Ti0.80V0.20 and C, (2) metallurgical bond between coating and substrate is realized, (3) the Ti(CN) ceramic particle, whose average grain size is 626nm, distributes dispersively among the coating and is in-situ synthesized by the reaction among titanium from the substrate, carbon from the graphite electrode and nitrogen from the shielding nitrogen gas.
The TiC0.51N0.12 phase appears spheric and dendritic grain.
The average size of the crystal grains was determined to be about 626 nm.
The number of the fund is E2007000566.