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Online since: October 2013
Authors: Grzegorz Grzeczka
I think that such evaluation is a result of applying outdated comparative data relating to the costs and amounts of produced crude oil.
Current data relating to the costs of one barrel of crude oil are carefully protected.
Nevertheless, basing on data gathered some years ago by Cambridge Energy Research Associates (CERA)[5], and keeping in mind that the cost of production increases each year, the following question is worth posing: Is the energetic balance of technologies based on recovery and combustion of crude oil still positive?
The above-mentioned data clearly indicate that half of daily production took place at the cost that was lower than the sale price, on the understanding that in oil industry this does not necessarily mean direct losses, as the barriers to exit are very expensive (huge fixed costs, long-term contracts).
The indisputable merit of using hydrogen as energy carrier is the reduction of toxic emission to the natural environment.
Current data relating to the costs of one barrel of crude oil are carefully protected.
Nevertheless, basing on data gathered some years ago by Cambridge Energy Research Associates (CERA)[5], and keeping in mind that the cost of production increases each year, the following question is worth posing: Is the energetic balance of technologies based on recovery and combustion of crude oil still positive?
The above-mentioned data clearly indicate that half of daily production took place at the cost that was lower than the sale price, on the understanding that in oil industry this does not necessarily mean direct losses, as the barriers to exit are very expensive (huge fixed costs, long-term contracts).
The indisputable merit of using hydrogen as energy carrier is the reduction of toxic emission to the natural environment.
Online since: November 2005
Authors: Yon Sang Cho, Sung Jae Jun, Heung Sik Park
In this study, because three CCD cameras were used to detect obstacles and determine the guide
line of the AGV system, it was necessary that a PC-based hardware platform would be able to handle
a great deal of image data easily and quickly.
The command control module was constructed to transmit data and orders clearly between the main control and other modules.
It communicated with the main module by an RS232 serial device and with the others by an interrupt device of 8bit data port.
Thus, each module was constructed from classes for data processing and transmission to the hardware module, and each was run independently by the multi-thread method.
Two servo motors were set up with a planetary gear type speed reducer of 1/50 reduction ratio to drive the wheel in the central lower part of the frame, as shown in Fig. 5.
The command control module was constructed to transmit data and orders clearly between the main control and other modules.
It communicated with the main module by an RS232 serial device and with the others by an interrupt device of 8bit data port.
Thus, each module was constructed from classes for data processing and transmission to the hardware module, and each was run independently by the multi-thread method.
Two servo motors were set up with a planetary gear type speed reducer of 1/50 reduction ratio to drive the wheel in the central lower part of the frame, as shown in Fig. 5.
Online since: October 2013
Authors: Bo Jiang, Song Jin, Cun Yu Li, Yu Xin Li, Yan Ming Zhang, Ji Lin Li, Xuan Zhou
The advent of different molecular techniques that broadly categorized as non-PCR or PCR-based led breeders to estimate genetic diversity on the basis of data generated by different molecular markers, which provided a means of rapid analysis of germplasm and estimates of genetic diversity, which were often found to corroborate phenotypic data.
Fuentes et al. [11] compared different methods of genetic diversity estimates ,which showed that estimates based on RAPD data rather than AFLP efficiently represented the genetic parentage and phenotypic diversity between rice varieties.
The rapid changes in population size, ecological degradation and globalization have led to a dramatic reduction in crop genetic diversity.
As a mixture of blast disease-susceptible and –resistant varieties were grown, disease incidence was reduced by 94 and 89% increase in yield was noted in susceptible varieties.Wei et al. [21] showed that genetic diversity and allelic reduction occurred over time in Chinese cultivars.
Advances in informatics and communication techniques have also markedly increased our capacity to use, analyse and communicate related data and information.
Fuentes et al. [11] compared different methods of genetic diversity estimates ,which showed that estimates based on RAPD data rather than AFLP efficiently represented the genetic parentage and phenotypic diversity between rice varieties.
The rapid changes in population size, ecological degradation and globalization have led to a dramatic reduction in crop genetic diversity.
As a mixture of blast disease-susceptible and –resistant varieties were grown, disease incidence was reduced by 94 and 89% increase in yield was noted in susceptible varieties.Wei et al. [21] showed that genetic diversity and allelic reduction occurred over time in Chinese cultivars.
Advances in informatics and communication techniques have also markedly increased our capacity to use, analyse and communicate related data and information.
Online since: February 2015
Authors: Gennady Remnev, Sergei Tverdokhlebov, Yulia Khodyrevskaya, Yuliya Kudryavtseva
Material and methods
The interest for practical medicine is focused at the data covering the effects of plasma-based chemical surface modification of materials with different degradation rate as well as biostable ones.
The data on the contact angles of several test liquids in one sample allow measuring the free surface energy of the solid sample.
The contact angles and the FSE for PL-38 substrates, treated for different times Exposure time, [sec] Contact angle Ѳ, [°] FSE, [mJ/m2] water glycerol dispersion polarization complete 0 46.4±3.37 81.4±5.07 8.20±1.21 109.9±3.25 118.1±4.5 mode 1 2 79.9±4.05 62.5±6.5 11.2±2.07 25.6±2.7 36.8±4.8 15 65.0±8.10 70.1±4.7 3.7±0.9 35.9±2.9 39.6±3.8 30 74.1±19.5 66.8±9.3 15.9±4.4 15.08±4.28 31.0±8.7 50 61.3±4.9 60.2±10.31 10.11±2.6 29.9±3.19 40.01±5.8 120 58.0±2.7 62.8±0.6 5.07±0.28 40.0±0.9 45.07±1.2 mode 2 30 51.9±8.2 61.2±10.12 2.9±1.5 50.7±4.7 53.6±6.2 60 80.0±8.7 87.1±4.16 28.9±2.6 0.9±0.5 29.8±3.1 120 51.7±6.6 58.2±5.8 46.6±3.07 4.80±1.18 51.4±4.25 The data presented in Table 1 were used to generate a dependence diagram of the contact angle on plasma exposure time for treated polymer substrates at different modes of modification (Fig. 1a).
The FSE data have demonstrated its reduction by decreasing the polar component.
Reduction of the polar component may be explained by the changes in the number of polar groups, electric charges and free radicals.
The data on the contact angles of several test liquids in one sample allow measuring the free surface energy of the solid sample.
The contact angles and the FSE for PL-38 substrates, treated for different times Exposure time, [sec] Contact angle Ѳ, [°] FSE, [mJ/m2] water glycerol dispersion polarization complete 0 46.4±3.37 81.4±5.07 8.20±1.21 109.9±3.25 118.1±4.5 mode 1 2 79.9±4.05 62.5±6.5 11.2±2.07 25.6±2.7 36.8±4.8 15 65.0±8.10 70.1±4.7 3.7±0.9 35.9±2.9 39.6±3.8 30 74.1±19.5 66.8±9.3 15.9±4.4 15.08±4.28 31.0±8.7 50 61.3±4.9 60.2±10.31 10.11±2.6 29.9±3.19 40.01±5.8 120 58.0±2.7 62.8±0.6 5.07±0.28 40.0±0.9 45.07±1.2 mode 2 30 51.9±8.2 61.2±10.12 2.9±1.5 50.7±4.7 53.6±6.2 60 80.0±8.7 87.1±4.16 28.9±2.6 0.9±0.5 29.8±3.1 120 51.7±6.6 58.2±5.8 46.6±3.07 4.80±1.18 51.4±4.25 The data presented in Table 1 were used to generate a dependence diagram of the contact angle on plasma exposure time for treated polymer substrates at different modes of modification (Fig. 1a).
The FSE data have demonstrated its reduction by decreasing the polar component.
Reduction of the polar component may be explained by the changes in the number of polar groups, electric charges and free radicals.
Online since: March 2018
Authors: Gandi Sugandi, I Dewa Putu Hermida, Goib Wiranto, Wiendartun Wiendartun, Slamet Widodo, Roberth V. Manurung, Zaenal Arifin
Introduction
Nowadays, monitoring water quality parameters can be done using an online system with the advantages over the conventional method include: less time consuming because data can be obtained in real time, inexpensive without the need for human to collect water samples and transport them to laboratory, and more accurate since some oxidation reduction process must be measured on-site [1].
On the other hand, measurement data must be obtained and transferred across geographical location continuously for analysis purposes [2].
The main component of an online water quality monitoring system is the sensors, where measurement data were produced from physicochemical interaction with the water samples.
Data were taken for 5 min by applying an input voltage of 1.4 V with DO concentration of 6.7 mg/l (represents the largest deviation from the regression line in Figure 2(b)).
Central to the operating principle of the sensor was the RuO2 working electrode, where the reduction process of O2 took place.
On the other hand, measurement data must be obtained and transferred across geographical location continuously for analysis purposes [2].
The main component of an online water quality monitoring system is the sensors, where measurement data were produced from physicochemical interaction with the water samples.
Data were taken for 5 min by applying an input voltage of 1.4 V with DO concentration of 6.7 mg/l (represents the largest deviation from the regression line in Figure 2(b)).
Central to the operating principle of the sensor was the RuO2 working electrode, where the reduction process of O2 took place.
Online since: September 2013
Authors: Jian Yao, Shan Wu
Using the weather data in a typical city in hot summer and cold winter zone, an analysis of the application potential of climate adaptive window materials is given.
Using the weather data in a typical city in hot summer and cold winter zone, a qualitative analysis of the application potential of this kind of windows is given.
Zhu, “Enhanced Supervision Strategies for Effective Reduction of Building Energy Consumption-A Case Study of Ningbo,” Energy and Buildings, vol. 43, pp. 2197-2202, 2011
Using the weather data in a typical city in hot summer and cold winter zone, a qualitative analysis of the application potential of this kind of windows is given.
Zhu, “Enhanced Supervision Strategies for Effective Reduction of Building Energy Consumption-A Case Study of Ningbo,” Energy and Buildings, vol. 43, pp. 2197-2202, 2011
Online since: October 2011
Authors: Jia Long Ren, Jin Jing Ren, Yan Wang, Feng Lei Yu
The influence of cutting force and the cutting temperature using water vapour as the cooling lubricantion was investigated and compared through changing feeding data, feeding rate andcutting depth respectively.
Table 1 The tool geometry parameters Rake angle Clearance angle Tool cutting edge angle Angle of aileron deflection Side angle c 15° 6° 90° 15° ﹢3° Table 2 The cutting parameter used to the test Machining data Cutting rate Feeding data Depth of cut 30~70 0.1~0.3 0.5~2.5 Table 3 The parameters of lubrication condition Shoot to flow parameter Lubrication condition orifice size Vapour flow 125 150 18 2 Distilled water 20 —— —— —— Emulsion Test results.
Fig.1 of Cutting GH4169 Fig. 2 of cutting TC Fig. 3 of cutting Cr12 Other change chart can’t be expressed because of the limited space.Hard guilder alloy tool YT15, heat alloy GH4169,titanium alloy TC4 and stainless steel Cr12 were used in cutting test under the different cutting parameters(feeding data, feeding rate and cutting depth)and different lubrication conditions(distilled water, emulsion and water vapor ).
Its function of cooling and lubricant is more effective than cutting fluid, thus it relatively increases the reduction magnitude of cutting forces.
Thus compared with the distilled water, emulsion and dry cutting, when using water vapor for cooling lubricants, the reduction magnitude of cutting force is relatively small.
Table 1 The tool geometry parameters Rake angle Clearance angle Tool cutting edge angle Angle of aileron deflection Side angle c 15° 6° 90° 15° ﹢3° Table 2 The cutting parameter used to the test Machining data Cutting rate Feeding data Depth of cut 30~70 0.1~0.3 0.5~2.5 Table 3 The parameters of lubrication condition Shoot to flow parameter Lubrication condition orifice size Vapour flow 125 150 18 2 Distilled water 20 —— —— —— Emulsion Test results.
Fig.1 of Cutting GH4169 Fig. 2 of cutting TC Fig. 3 of cutting Cr12 Other change chart can’t be expressed because of the limited space.Hard guilder alloy tool YT15, heat alloy GH4169,titanium alloy TC4 and stainless steel Cr12 were used in cutting test under the different cutting parameters(feeding data, feeding rate and cutting depth)and different lubrication conditions(distilled water, emulsion and water vapor ).
Its function of cooling and lubricant is more effective than cutting fluid, thus it relatively increases the reduction magnitude of cutting forces.
Thus compared with the distilled water, emulsion and dry cutting, when using water vapor for cooling lubricants, the reduction magnitude of cutting force is relatively small.
Online since: December 2012
Authors: Jie Liu
Chat 1 Inter-Company Supply Chain Practices
Source: Manufacturing Manager Responses data
Excellent global electronics company committed to supply chain integration (as seen in chat 1), supply chain breakthrough has realized in significant benefits (as seen in table 1).
The desired outcome is a win-win relationship where both parties benefit, and a reduction in time required for the design cycle and product development.
Also, the purchasing function develops rapid communication systems, such as electronic data interchange (EDI) and Internet linkage to convey possible requirements more rapidly.
Until end of September of 2008, the total users of China Mobile has more than 450 million, assets over 800 billion RMB Yuan, profit in the first three quarters of 2009 rose by 1.8%, all sort of financial data were higher than other MO.
Under the development for seven years, “Monte net” has been the appellation for all data business of China Mobile.
The desired outcome is a win-win relationship where both parties benefit, and a reduction in time required for the design cycle and product development.
Also, the purchasing function develops rapid communication systems, such as electronic data interchange (EDI) and Internet linkage to convey possible requirements more rapidly.
Until end of September of 2008, the total users of China Mobile has more than 450 million, assets over 800 billion RMB Yuan, profit in the first three quarters of 2009 rose by 1.8%, all sort of financial data were higher than other MO.
Under the development for seven years, “Monte net” has been the appellation for all data business of China Mobile.
Online since: October 2014
Authors: Hong Mei Li, Yun Long Li, Jun Jun Hu, Fang Shan, Jun Sheng Bian
Data collection concluded height, branch number, flower number, leaf area, above ground biomass and grain yield at floral initiation period and the beginning of florescence with higher content of rutin suitable for the regeneration of buckwheat seedlings.
Results and dission Yield comparison of tartary buckwheat seedlings .The yield data of each group were shown in Table 1.
Table 1 Yield of tartary buckwheat seedlings after regeneration Code Variety Treatment Yield of tartary buckwheat seedlings,kg/ha C-1 Heifeng1 Stubble remaining at 4-5 joints 18901 C-2 Hunan7-2 Stubble remaining at 4-5 joints 12501 C-3 Ding98-1 Stubble remaining at 4-5 joints 18701 D-1 Heifeng1 Stubble remaining at 6-7 joints 4850 D-2 Hunan7-2 Stubble remaining at 6-7 joints 4000 D-3 Ding98-1 Stubble remaining at 6-7 joints 4025 Yield comparison of tartary buckwheat seedlings after regenerated.Table2 is the data of the yield of tartary buckwheat seedlings and thousand-grain-weights after regeneration
Table 2 Grain yield comparison of tartary buckwheat seedlings of different treatment Code Variety Yield of buckwheat Reduction rate compared with A(%) Reduction rate compared with B(%) Thousand- grain- weight Difference compared with A(%) kg/ ha g A-1 Heifeng1 3950 22.5 B-1 3343 15.37 20.3 9.8 C-1 1654 58.13 50.52 22.2 1.3 D-1 3413 13.6 -2.09 20.6 8.4 A-2 Hunan7-2 2945 18.5 B-2 3470 -17.83 17.5 5.5 C-2 1071 63.62 69.13 17.4 5.9 D-2 2978 -1.11 14.19 18.3 1.1 A-3 Ding98-1 3576 20.1 B-3 2770 22.54 18.5 9.1 C-3 1361 61.93 50.86 19.3 4 D-3 2354 34.19 15.03 18.6 7.5 Thousand- grain- weight (TGW) comparison of different treatment (1) TGW by normal planting treatment was the highest and 122.5g, 20.1g, 18.5g for Heifeng1, Ding98-1 and Hunan7-2,respectively, affected by variety (Fig 2)
Stubble remaining at about 4 ~ 5 joints, because lignification of down stem occurred, seedling quality dropped down with yield reduction of 50%, which is not economical
Results and dission Yield comparison of tartary buckwheat seedlings .The yield data of each group were shown in Table 1.
Table 1 Yield of tartary buckwheat seedlings after regeneration Code Variety Treatment Yield of tartary buckwheat seedlings,kg/ha C-1 Heifeng1 Stubble remaining at 4-5 joints 18901 C-2 Hunan7-2 Stubble remaining at 4-5 joints 12501 C-3 Ding98-1 Stubble remaining at 4-5 joints 18701 D-1 Heifeng1 Stubble remaining at 6-7 joints 4850 D-2 Hunan7-2 Stubble remaining at 6-7 joints 4000 D-3 Ding98-1 Stubble remaining at 6-7 joints 4025 Yield comparison of tartary buckwheat seedlings after regenerated.Table2 is the data of the yield of tartary buckwheat seedlings and thousand-grain-weights after regeneration
Table 2 Grain yield comparison of tartary buckwheat seedlings of different treatment Code Variety Yield of buckwheat Reduction rate compared with A(%) Reduction rate compared with B(%) Thousand- grain- weight Difference compared with A(%) kg/ ha g A-1 Heifeng1 3950 22.5 B-1 3343 15.37 20.3 9.8 C-1 1654 58.13 50.52 22.2 1.3 D-1 3413 13.6 -2.09 20.6 8.4 A-2 Hunan7-2 2945 18.5 B-2 3470 -17.83 17.5 5.5 C-2 1071 63.62 69.13 17.4 5.9 D-2 2978 -1.11 14.19 18.3 1.1 A-3 Ding98-1 3576 20.1 B-3 2770 22.54 18.5 9.1 C-3 1361 61.93 50.86 19.3 4 D-3 2354 34.19 15.03 18.6 7.5 Thousand- grain- weight (TGW) comparison of different treatment (1) TGW by normal planting treatment was the highest and 122.5g, 20.1g, 18.5g for Heifeng1, Ding98-1 and Hunan7-2,respectively, affected by variety (Fig 2)
Stubble remaining at about 4 ~ 5 joints, because lignification of down stem occurred, seedling quality dropped down with yield reduction of 50%, which is not economical
Online since: July 2022
Authors: Gianfranco Palumbo, Antonio Piccininni, Maria Beatriz Silva
In light of this, the equipment used for the tube expansion tests was simulated by means of a FE model created using Abaqus and properly tuned using data coming from experimental tests carried out on AA6063-T6 tubular specimens.
Introduction The current normative framework in terms of harmful emissions is imposing a dramatic reduction of fuel consumption for the transportation sector in general [1].
Numerical simulations were run considering the tube fully in the condition as-purchased (T6), thus implementing the data reported in [10].
The constants of the constitutive equation were inversely calculated using an internal Abaqus subroutine that minimized the error with data coming from an experimental rubber compression test, carried out according to the reference standard [13].
a) b) Figure 5 The implemented material data regarding both the conditions of interest: a) flow curves, b) forming limit curves The implemented material data were then assigned to the correspondent tube’s regions by means of a field variable: in such a way, properties in the overaged condition could be always assigned to the regions that were supposed to be irradiated by the laser (green regions in Figure 6), whereas the remaining part could be modelled in the T6 state (grey regions in Figure 6).
Introduction The current normative framework in terms of harmful emissions is imposing a dramatic reduction of fuel consumption for the transportation sector in general [1].
Numerical simulations were run considering the tube fully in the condition as-purchased (T6), thus implementing the data reported in [10].
The constants of the constitutive equation were inversely calculated using an internal Abaqus subroutine that minimized the error with data coming from an experimental rubber compression test, carried out according to the reference standard [13].
a) b) Figure 5 The implemented material data regarding both the conditions of interest: a) flow curves, b) forming limit curves The implemented material data were then assigned to the correspondent tube’s regions by means of a field variable: in such a way, properties in the overaged condition could be always assigned to the regions that were supposed to be irradiated by the laser (green regions in Figure 6), whereas the remaining part could be modelled in the T6 state (grey regions in Figure 6).