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Comparison of the predicted fracture Energy to the experimental data.
The comparison of the predicted fracture energy for the four cases mentioned above with the experimental data of Rodovic and Lara-Curzio [10] is shown in Figure 2, and good agreement are found.
Figure 2: Predicted fracture toughness of porous materials [MPa.m 0.5 ] compared to experimental data [10].
The effect of pores-crack interaction on the growth of the crack in the ligament of the porous material is considered, which results in fracture toughness reduction.
The predicted fracture toughness for the porous NiO-YSZ material is compared to the experimental data [10], and a good agreement is observed.

Nominal stress history converted from the calculated histogram data using lane flow method [4] for random load history was compared with notched S-N curves and then fatigue life was predicted by applying cumulative damage method.
AMSY4-SF and PCL-812PG were used for AE signal acquisition and data signal acquisition, respectively.
The loads of 50%-20% yield strengths were applied having a 10% reduction interval, while the load ratio was 0.1.
The predicted results were calculated by the simple flow-lane method using random load data.
The prediction of inflection point in the slope of the AE cumulative count when the crack occurred and propagated is a very useful data.

Specific practices of least squares fit: For the known data(xi,yi), i=1,2,L,n,search for f(x) in Φ，which is a given group of functions.
To clearly visualize the data, the results of transient responses near the targets and steady-state error responses are enlarged and shown separately due to the large difference in data magnitudes.
Therefore the statistics data shows the positioning error achieved within 8.6nm.
The positioning error during the steady-state is a reduction in the positioning error by a factor of more than 3 relative to the position system without the control scheme.
Experiment results show the efficient and robust of the control scheme and prove that the positional accuracy has been readily achieved within 8.6 nm, which is a reduction in the positioning error by a factor of more than 3 relative to the position system without the control scheme.

Furthermore, trap density reduction may also be achieved by oxidation in the presense of sodium, enabling the fabrication of MOSFETs with high channel mobilities [7].
The oxide thicknesses were estimated using ellipsometry and CV data.
High frequency CV data (100 kHz) for an oxide grown at 1100°C for 30 min after immersion in a 10-2 M KOH solution.
High frequency CV data (100 kHz) for a dry reference oxide grown at 1150°C for 4 hours.
The flatband shift in figure 2 is insignificant, indicating a low density of interface traps (< 1012 cm-2) in agreement with previous TDRC data [9].

With the simulation results, stress data of all cables under those 550 cases can be saved as two-dimensional array data.
By processing this two-dimensional array data, the maximum stress range of each cable during FAST observation can be easily derived.
Then, by repeating the above steps with interpolation of this new data point, the focal ratio of 0.4621 can be further determined.
And 0.4621 is suggested as the most appropriate focal ratio, which would lead to about 30MPa reduction of the stress range and 50mm reduction of actuator stroke.

On the other hand, in metallic systems such as Na the interaction between the atoms is much stronger and, therefore, the effect of size reduction should dominate over the interaction with the host at the pore walls.
For reason of comparison, the measured data have been extrapolated to 20 K and literature data for bulk BCC-Na has been included [18].
Comparison of the relative lattice expansion of confined and unconfined Na, bulk data after [18].
For confined Na-phases the present experimental data is extrapolated to 20 K.
The present findings show that reduction of the geometrical volume induces structural changes exceeding those known from non-metallic systems by orders of magnitude and may indeed have profound implications for the thermodynamic equilibrium structure of nano-confined metals.

During the following anodic process, only reduction peak is observed, which can be assigned to the reduction potential ER.
Hg/HgO of all the electrodes and fitted EIS experimental parameters Electrode CV data EIS data EO (mV) EOE (mV) ER (mV) EOE - EO (mV) EO- ER (mV) Rs (Ω cm2) Rt (Ω cm2) Zw (Ω cm2) Qc (F cm2) L 621 659 268 38 353 2.552 1.021 0.2587 2.758 B1 556 595 293 39 263 1.7956 0.1854 0.1764 1.8543 B2 553 595 292 42 261 1.7845 0.1645 0.1487 1.6345 B3 554 597 297 43 257 0.1445 0.0234 0.1275 0.6864 From Table 1 we can see that the electrodes with ZnO show significantly lower EO and higher ER than [Ni4Al(OH)10]OH electrode.
A mode of circuit is inserted in Fig. 3c to fit these experimental data, and the fitted experimental parameters are shown in Table 1, in which Rs is the ohmic resistance of the alkali electrolyte; Rt is the charge transfer resistance of the electrodes; Qc is a double layer capacitance; Zw is the Generalized Finite Warburg impedance of the solid phase diffusion.
The electrochemical performances obtained from the charge-discharge tests, CV and EIS data indicate that the electrodes with ZnO show higher discharge capacity and oxygen evolution potentials, lower double layer capacitance and charge transfer resistance than that without ZnO.

Fig.2 Experimental setup for grinding zirconia Normal and tangential grinding forces could be measured by means of a quartz piezoelectric type dynamometer (KISTLER 9265B) with a data acquisition system.
The wear of the diamond Wheel Dynamometer Electric charge amplifier Data acquisition system Zirconia ceramics Fixture Dressing tool grains and the surface quality of the ground specimens are investigated using SEM, JEOL-840/EDAX.
The normal and tangential grinding force data were shown in Fig.4 and Figs. 5, respectively.
The reduction in the hmax can lead to a decrease in the grinding force, thus the grain load.
In Fig.8, the roughness data obtained from the ground surfaces are plotted against the depth of cut.

For the most widely-used grades of structural steels we have summarized such data in the table published in our articles, they can also be found on our website.
Therefore, an unbiased assessment of the current state of the metal should be made from the data on its fatigue condition and defects in it.
This ensures completeness of the initial data necessary for diagnostics.
Diagnostics becomes more accurate, proactive, objective and predicting, with a renewable data bank regarding fatigue of a facility and all its elements during the service period.
Past experience shows that there is no threat to safety, if reduction of residual thickness of metal is not accompanied by increased coercivity, while reduction of thickness in combination with increase in the value of the coercivity is a compelling evidence of the impending failure of the metal.

The reduction target and the increasing carbon dioxide emissions caused by energy consumption is a dilemma question.
Data Preparation.
The data of population, affluence and energy intensity can be derived from "China Statistical Yearbook" and "China Energy Statistical Yearbook".
data is published by the China’s energy Statistics Bureau.
According to above data, we use Eviews 6 software to get the coefficients of Eq. 4.