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DesignBuilder is the chosen software in this study because DesignBuilder provides accurate energy, comfort, cost, and daylighting performance data to help inform and guide your design decisions in addition to the ability to simulate design CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamic) to simulate building natural ventilation flow [15].
Figure 1: Proposed design criteria for sustainable commercial buildings, Source: Authors 5.1 Case study data This study applies the proposed design criteria in designing commercial building at Fifth settlement, Cairo, Egypt where the climate known as hot and arid climate.
This building design achieves all LEED prerequisites, starting from the sustainable site, environmentally material and construction choice, water reduction, energy efficient, indoor air quality and innovative design that consider regional priorities, all these factors are included in the early design stage. 6.
After running the simulations for conceptual design phasis the phase 4 is less in energy consumption by 48% than phase 3, as adding vertical courtyards reduce cooling energy consumption from 858MWh to 456MWh which means 46% energy saving, also, this resulting 40% reduction in Co2 building production.
Buildings Energy Data Book.

It will lead to the reduction of required time for model preparation.
The initial data of model building are the schematic diagram of the complicated system and the description of the work process.
The method determines the transition from the initial data to the result and is the following. 1.
The advantage of the proposed cyclic-modular approach is the reduction of time for model building.
Estimation of the quality and quantity of the parameter changing influence on the character of the rod motion confirmed that it accords to the logic, the prognostic characteristics and data calculation.

Besides, the significant reduction of the chromium offer results in a drastic reduction of the chromium content of the exhaust effluent.
The data reported are the mean of two determinations.
The data reported are the mean of six determinations.
The data reported are the mean of three determinations.
The possibility of shaving the hide before chromium tannage gives, as first result, a significant reduction of the consumption of chromium based tanning agents on the same basis of pickled weight processed.

The data generated was recorded in a raw data file.
To calculate the reduction in cell viability compared to the blank, the following equation was used.
The cytotoxic data were reported using descriptive statistics.
The reduction of cytotoxicity of Transbond XT with the progression of time after polymerization was also found in other study.[8] The difference in the biocompatibility of the adhesives observed in the present study could have been based on their composition.
Nassar et al. found that increasing the amount of the BHT slows both the rate of the reaction and polymerized conversion.[13] The reduction in the speed of the reaction by BHT could result from the termination of free radicals by the active phenol group in the BHT molecule.

Due to the severe temporal evolutions and spatial distributions of aerosols’ mass concentration, number concentration and chemical composition et al., the quantification of aerosols radiative forcing is relatively rather difficult, which needs the observation data of aerosol optical depth, single scattering albedo, and asymmetry factor et al. [13].
The range resolution of observation data is set to be 75 m with the maximum detecting range of 60 km, and temporal resolution is 1 min.
The observation data’s range resolution is 15 m with the maximum detecting range of 30 km, and temporal resolution is 1 min.
The blind zone of CE370-2 observation is 180 m. 2.2 Lidar retrieval method The data pre-processes including the dead-time correction, afterpulse signal correction, overlap correction, background noise subtraction, and range squared correction should be executed.
Stevens et al., Reduction of tropical cloudiness by soot, Science, 288(2000) 1042-1047

From the data collected from furfural on different Ni loading Ni/γ-Al2O3 catalyst for selective hydrogenation, the activity of the catalyst increased when the Ni loading increase.
As 10% Ni/γ-Al2O3 catalyst showed the highest selectivity of furfuryl alcohol, so we study catalytic performance under different the calcination temperature, reduction temperature and the reaction temperature.
Catalyst reduction temperature and the reaction temperature increases, resulting in the increased activity and selectivity decreased.
By virtue of X-ray diffraction and temperature procedures reduction, the activity of the catalyst were evaluated and discussed [11]
CoNiB amorphous alloy Yaling Sun prepares CoNiB amorphous alloy catalyst by chemical reduction [12]

The peak broadening represents a reduction in crystallite size and an inducement of strain in the milled powder particles.
The true stress versus true strain curves evaluated from the force-displacement data obtained in the compression tests for the TiAl-based composites are shown in Fig. 4 for the as-HIPed and annealed conditions of the synthesized composites. 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 40h milled powder of Ti58-Al30-Si6-C6 at% H1-40 Heat Flow Temperature (o C) Fig. 2: DSC pattern of 40h milled powder of 58Ti-30Al-6Si-6C (at%). 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � Ti(s.s
However, the specimen tested at 800°C did not fracture even after a true strain of 1.05 (approximately 65% reduction in height).
At this temperature, the flow stress increased rapidly followed by continuous reduction as the strain increased that resulted in a single broad peak.
The solubility between different elements was enhanced by mechanical alloying, and further milling caused reduction in grain size.

Nanocrack strength reduction Quantized Fracture Mechanics.
Analogously, the presence of a nanocrack will cause a strength reduction with respect to the ideal material strength Cσ , that can be evaluated using QFM [15-18] from: ( ) IC qa a I KdaaK q =∫ + 21
From eq. (8) the crack depth can be estimated by measuring the strength reduction ( Ct σσ − ), as we discuss in the following section, whereas its position can be assumed at the fractured crosssection.
With accurate nanowire geometry and resonance frequency data, the Young's moduli of the nanowires were calculated according to eq. (1).
Note that a small defect can cause a large strength reduction, due to stressconcentration/intensification.

The urban land scale expanding in essence is the land use change process from the state of nature or artificial management of the natural state (eg, agriculture) to urban construction land by anthropogenic changing the arrangements, activities and corresponding measures on the land [6].The building will inevitably lead to a dramatic reduction of natural soil resources in peri-urban areas, and will be inevitable occurrence of surface confined, which ensure the land basic support functions, but result in reduction of carbon absorption and storage capacity per unit area (Shochat et al., 2006; Xu et al., 2007;Grimm et al., 2008)[7].Research has shown that one hectare of agricultural land converted to land for construction will increase carbon emissions of 149.8 times, while one hectare of forest land converted to building land, the number will be 929[8].On the other hander ,manual management, heat island effect and relatively low concentrations of ozone in the urban may cause the individual
Therefore, in order to ensure urban development, in the case of the inevitable expansion of city size ,raising the afforestation rate of urban land and use of monoclonal plant production capabilities will compensate for the vegetation cover reduction the negative effects on certain extent. 2.2 Urban Land Use Type and Carbon Emissions Urban land use not only lower carbon sink function due to airtight surface cover, but also increase carbon emissions and impact on the climatic change arising out of the buildings on different types of land and corresponding human activities.
By re-using of land, to improve land productivity, and increase in land carbon sequestration.(4) to promote land economical and intensive utilization, and reduce energy inputs per unit of land area; To reduce or avoid waste of resources and pollution emissions[10].These are source control measures on the low-carbon land use , which is namely land reduction. 3.2 Maintain a Reasonable Land Use Structure Low-carbon-oriented land-use structures need to control the excessive growth of the construction land and excessive downward trend of the agricultural land, woodland, wetlands, and to increase carbon sequestration.
The eco-industrial parks is constructed by Industrial clusters to form the industrial ecosystem, to avoid redundant construction, reducing the waste of land, to achieve the reduction of land resources.
Home-Work Separation in the Context of Institutional and Spatial Transformation in Urban Chian: Evidence from Beijing Household Survey Data,Urban Studies,2009,16(9):110-117 [14] Li Qiang, Li Xiao-lin.

The workpiece temperature was measured using a K-type thermocouple with a data acquisition (DAQ) system connected to a computer as shown in Fig 2(a).
The thickness reduction of the stir zone is lower than that of base material as shown in Fig. 3(e, m) in case of larger plunge depth and due to improper backing support.
(h) (d) (c) (g) (b) Lack of Surface filling AS (f) Thickness reduction Microcrack Stir zone TMAZ Stir zone TMAZ voids TMAZ Cavity Pores voids voids (Al)AS AS AS RS AS RS AS AS AS RS AS AS AS RS AS RS AS AS AS RS Flash Voids Worm hole Microcrack Root defects Fig. 3 Microscopic image of weld cross-section of the FSW joint with AA2017- PC.
In general, the reduction in grain size would increase the hardness at the weld interface.
It is observed that the Al was only transported towards the PC and no significant mixing of material occurred at the stir zone, which resulted in a reduction of hardness value at the stir zone.