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The application of PSS in diesel engine area may be different from other manufacturing, but the intrinsic complexity of PSS, which include Convenient, science and the economy, can be proved for the stakeholders.
With diesel engine PSS, producers become more responsible for their products-services in case material cycles are closed.
In a traditional market the range of stakeholders (the raw materials and energy suppliers, the producers, the retailers, the consumers/customers and the end-of-life managers), who take part in the whole process connected to product and service selling, tends to optimize their own ‘segment’ of the process, i.e. their phase of the cycle. [11]Typical stakeholders will operate as discrete entities.
Journal of Manufacturing Systems 15 (2008) 70-76
Lindhqvist, The role of public policy in advancement of product service systems, Journal of Cleaner Production 11 (2003) 905–914

Introduction Alloy materials are one of new functional material and structural material intermetallic compound in the 21st Century.
Alloy materials have recently attracted lots of attention due to their excellent application properties.
Development of new binary alloy materials became a new research focus in materials science [3,4].
Compared with other Alloy materials, Fe-Al alloys, Ti-Al alloys and Ni-Al alloys are widely use alloy materials, we choose Ni-Al alloys to research.
Journal of Molecular Graphics, 1996,14(1): 33−38

The FSES method can evaluate the electromagnetic properties in materials which were changed after induction heating.
Introduction High frequency induction heating is required to give materials the desired mechanical strength and the surface quality.
References [1] Ladislav Musil, Surface Induction Hardening Models Based on a Novel Computational Method of Artificial Change of Material Parameters, Journal of Materials Science Forum, Applied Electromagnetic Engineering, Vol. 670, December, 2010, p. 517-525
ENOKIZONO, Magnetic evaluation of hardening effect for carbon steel, Journal of Optoelectronics and Advanced Materials Vol. 10, No. 5, May 2008, p. 1078-1084
[7] Shoichiro Nagata, Masato Enokizono, NDE by means of frequency sweep excitation and spectrogram method, Journal of Optoelectronics and Advanced Materials Vol. 10, No. 5, May 2008, p. 1165-1168

(5) From the stress diagram it can be easily noted that the stress value at main journal and connecting rod journal in also low.
Material Alternative.
The major crankshaft materials currently used are forged steel, nodular cast iron, structural steel and austempered ductile iron.
Second international Conference on Information Engineering and Computer Science, IEEE 2010, pp.1-4
Rezel: Alternative materials for the manufacture of Automobile Components.

Yakutkina, The multicomponent doping of surface layers of materials under the influence of ion beams with a broad energy spectrum, IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2016
Pashchenko, Structure of Ge nanoclusters grown on Si(001) by ion beam crystallization, Inorganic Materials, 49(5) (2013) 435-438
Bolobanova, Ion beam deposition of photoactive nanolayers for silicon solar cells, Inorganic Materials, 48(5) (2012) 439-444
Lunina, Growth and properties of GayIn1-yPzAs1-x-zBix solid solutions on GaP substrates, Inorganic Materials, 50(2) (2014) 113-119
Lunina, GaxIn1-xBiyAszSb1-y-z/InSb and InBiyAszSb1-y-z/InSb heterostructures grown in a temperature gradient, Inorganic Materials, 48(9) (2012) 877-883

Traint: Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 157-158(0) (2004) p. 633-636
De Cooman: Materials Science and Engineering: A, 460-461(0) (2007) p. 516-524
Chen: Materials Science and Engineering A, (2012), in press
Voloshin: Journal of the Brazilian Society of Mechanical Science and Engineering 25 (3) (2003) p. 215-221
Zhao: Materials Science and Engineering: A, 230(1-2) (1997) p. 95-99

A Study of hBN-Y2O3 Composite Investment for Casting Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Shen Bin a, Liu Hongbao b, Mao Xiemin c, Li Chonghe d School of Materials and Science Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200072,China a Shenbin@shu.edu.cn, bHongbaoliu@tom.com, cxmmao@staff.shu.edu.cn, d chli@staff.shu.edu.cn Keyword: Boron nitride, Investment casting, Titanium Abstract: An hBN-Y2O3 composite investment moulding material was developed for investment casting Ti-6Al-4V alloy.
Hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) powders plus a few Y2O3 powders were used as the investment mould material to prepare the shell mould with colloidal yttria as binder.
Fig.3 The changes of micro-hardness in titanium casting from surface The alpha-case is generally known to be developed by the interstitials such as carbon, nitrogen and especially oxygen dissolved from mold materials [1, 3].
References [1] Xie Chengmu, Titanium and Titanium Casting (China Machine Press 2004) [2] M.Garfinkle, H.M.Davis: Transactions of the ASM, Vol.58 (1965), p521~530 [3] Jiang B.j: Shell Mould Casting Process (China Machine Press2004) [4] Xie Chengmu, Wang Ying: Special Casing and Nonferrous Alloys, Vol.3 (2001), p40~42 [5] Zhao Fengming: Chinese Journal of Rare Metals, Vol.17(1993)，p152~154 [6] Crimp.M.j, Oppermann.D.a, Krehbiel.k: Journal of Materials Science, Vol.34 (1999), p2621~2625 [7] X.P.
Oub: Dental Materials Vol.18 (2002), p512~515 [8] Xiaoyan Ma, Changrong Li, Weijing Zhang: Materials Science and Engineering A Vol.392 (2005), p394-402

The products is manufactured from product design which can use the advanced characteristic of composite materials obtained by the experiment and the numerical analysis.
Here, the collaboration of the design and the strength analysis by using composite materials is carried out.
The products, which are made from high strength composite materials, need new product design technology which draws out the characteristic of material's advantage.
Introduction Composite materials have been paid attention as structural members which can achieve weight saving and structure unification.
Clem: submitted to Journal of Materials Research (2003) [5] P.G.

This point shows surface residual compressive stress of metal materials gradually increases with the increment of laser energy until the laser energy increases to a threshold value.
Whilst, surface residual compressive stress of metal materials with laser shock processing can be obtained as well by operating mathematics models so as to realize real time monitoring.
International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences Vol. 36(1999) p.849-55
Journal of Applied Science Vol. 36(2001) p.1801-1807
Journal of Materials Science Vol. 36(2001) p.1801 – 1807

Materials and Methods 2.1 Materials The materials used in this study were used without any further purification.
Bertran, Vertically aligned carbon nanotubes coated with manganese dioxide as cathode material for microbial fuel cells, Journal of Materials Science, 50 (2015) 1214-1220
Epron, Characterization methods of carbon nanotubes: a review, Materials Science and Engineering: B, 119 (2005) 105-118
Jasiuk, Experimental trends in polymer nanocomposites—a review, Materials science and engineering: A, 393 (2005) 1-11
Journal of optoelectronics and advanced materials, 8 (2006) 643-647