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The input data of the FEM simulation can be seen in Table 1, according to the AdvantEdgeTM software requirements.
The structure of slip-line field based on the FEM model, γ=-10°…10° Discussion By means of the applied slip-line field model (Fig. 1) on the basis of the slip-line field geometries constructed by different tool and rake angles, it can be observed that the tool-chip friction angle η determined by the BCD triangle occurring between the tool face and the deformed side of the chip continuously increases with the reduction of rake angle till γ=10°.
The change of friction angle depending on rake angle is demonstrated in Fig. 3, showing the relationship between the reduction of rake angle γ and friction angle η.
The rate forming of the force components is remarkable since with the reduction of the rake angle the curve for the two force components (Fc/Ft) continuously decreases whereas the relative stagnation of Fc, Ft continuously increases.

The samples used for the SEM analysis were used to acquire long X-Ray Diffraction data.
As reported in Figure 4-c, an evident decrease of the enthalpies can be observed from the first cycle to the third one while a less important reduction is associated to the introduction of Cr and Co.
This trend can be explained for the Cu content reduction.
- Microhardness reduction was measured for both Cr and Co addition in CuZr system, so potential improvement on workability could be expected.

Dynamometer Controller 4.Piezo Electric Transducer 5.TDC Position Sensor 6.Charge Amplifier 7.Data Acquisition System 8.Flow meter 9.Fuel Tank 10.Exhaust Gas Analyzer 11.Fuel Injector 12.Intake Manifold 13.Exhaust Manifold Fig. 1 Experimental setup of the test engine Results and Discussions The variation of brake thermal efficiency (BTE) with respect to brake power for different fuels were considered for the analysis has shown in Figure 2.
This is due to the reduction in heat loss to the cylinder walls.
NOx reduction strategies for DI Diesel engines.
Catalytic reduction of NOx in Diesel exhaust.

Carbon dioxide fed to the welding zone begins to dissociate according to the following reactions under the influence of high temperature [8]: СО2 → СО + О2 (1) СО → С + О2 (2) Based on the data given in [9], the degree of dissociation of carbon dioxide at different temperatures was calculated.
Figure 5 – Change in Gibbs energy upon reduction of vanadium, niobium and boron oxides by atomic carbon As can be seen from Fig. 5, using a reducing atmosphere to protect the weld metal, the oxidation of the microalloying elements is unlikely, since the formation of oxides will be impeded by the active carbon reduction reactions.
Reduction of carbon in the weld seam of steel 35G2R is associated with its active mixing with the metal of the welding wire, in which its content does not exceed 0,11% [18].

Further dematerializaiton, reduction of weight and heat conductivity of buildings without lossing their bearing capacity and other performance characteristics are critical to increase the construction efficiency [3-5].
Among others, the dematerialization and reduction of heat conductivity of buildings without lossing their bearing capacity and other operational properties fosters the increase in construction performance [8-10].
To compare and define the influence of the specified factors on concrete consolidation the following transformation formulas taking into account data of Table 1 will be obtained: ; (2) Table 1.
The fundamental difference of AGA-based heat-efficient concretes from concretes based on traditionally applied light aggregates, i.e. the decrease in water absorption by 8-10% with the reduction of average density by 1.8-2 times, is established.

At the same time, some of the components of the stress state frequently play more significant role and, consequently, the technological impact on the selective and the most significant component results in the reduction of hot cracking defect with minimal economic costs.
The data obtained were applied in order to analyze the emerging shrinkage process according to the procedure described in detail in the sources [11 – 14].
The change in the size of problem elements with the aim of constructive reduction of the arm causing the bending. 2.
Reduction of casting mould yielding or the local change in the yielding of the sand layer under the problem element. 5.

The first stage rolling was started at 1050°C, then at 1000°C with the rolling reduction ratio 30%, 40% and strain rate 0.5(1/s) in the recrystallized region of austenite.
The second stage rolling was started at 930°C, and finished at temperature 860, 810 and 760°C with the same rolling reduction ratio 20% and strain rate 2(1/s) in the non-recrystallized region of austenite.
Fig.1 shows the inter-pass reduction distribution for the thermal-mechanical simulation test.
Keough :Experimental Design and Data Analyses for Biologists,2002

MSR mechanism can be seen in the various systems, especially in the metal oxide reduction with reactive metal [10].
Magnesium was used as a strong metallic reduction agent.
International Centre for Diffraction Data (ICDD) powder diffraction files were utilised in the identification of crystalline phases. 3.
Fig.1 (a), also shows that reduction reaction of Eq.1 is possible at room temperature and increasing temperatures decrease the probability of this reaction.

Data were collected with a step size of 0.02o with step duration of 0.5 s for normal scans and 5 s for slow scans.
Fig. 2c) represents barium titanate with partial Ti ion reduction.
It is noted that the oxygen deficiency or Ti ion reduction (from 4+ to 3+) in barium titanate is characterized by little splitting of the t2g and eg peaks of Ti L2,3 edge and a low intensity of the O K edge.
It is believed that a strongly reducing local environment induced by local CO/CO2 reactions with Ni as catalyst is the cause of BaO/Ba reduction [8].

The microhardness data were plotted against distance across the fusion zone for the as-welded and each PWHTed condition (Fig.6).
In contrast, all PWHTed samples exhibited a reduction in FZ microhardness.
With increasing PWHT temperature, the gradual reduction of FZ hardness could be explained by the coarsening of microstructures and, besides, hardness of HAZ was highest for PWHT at 820o C and this is yet unexplained by SEM microstructures.
Microstructure of HAZ between BM and FZ showed gradual reduction of α2 and O and no new α2 precipitated in HAZ. 2.