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An experimental and theoretical study [2] was carried out to investigate the influence of tube material properties, punch diameter, tube-wall-thickness and tube internal pressure on the deformation behaviour during the piercing.
Uniaxial tensile tests were conducted to determine the mechanical properties of the DP600 tube in accordance with ASTM-E8 specifications, and tensile specimens were taken from the tube in a direction parallel to the tube axis.
Mechanical properties of the DP600 steel tube Parameters ρ ( kgm3) E (GPa) σY0 (MPa) K (MPa) n υ Values 7800 207 405 1030 0.16 0.29 3.1 Finite element modelling.
The GTN parameters were calibrated based on both micro-mechanical and macro-mechanical tests.
In particular, the ultimate displacement (corresponding to maximum load) and the rate of load drop were found to be the most significant factors for calibrating the damage parameters.

Introduction The great interest in cellular ceramics has been associated mainly with their specific properties, such as high permeability, high surface area, low mass, low specific heat and low thermal conductivity.
These properties are found to be essential for a set of technological applications such as filters for molten metals and hot gases, refractory linings for furnaces, catalyst supports, and biomaterials implants. [1,2].
This variety of properties is very dependent on processing methods and corresponding conditions [3].
The evaluation of the rheological properties of suspensions and emulsions is an important step in the cellular ceramic development.
In wet processing, the rheological factor can be a limitation to the use of determined raw material as well as the dispersant agent [9].

Mechanical properties of products were found suitable for rapid tooling, especially for plastic/powder injection moulding application [1].
Reliability of measured data depends on optical properties of surface and its slope [3, 4].
Z = ao + a1x1 + a2x2 + a3x3.Where Z is the response or output, xi are the factors or variables.
To realise the relation between the response and the input factors, the constant coefficients need to be determined.
This also helps in developing processing strategies for minimizing structural defects and also towards maximizing surface properties of manufactured parts.

The weather degradation of a clay ceramic affects not only the technical properties, specially the mechanical strength [2], but also the geometrical dimensions of a ceramic product, which is an important form of degradation.
Therefore, changes in dimension caused by weather degradation with time are as important as an inherent decrease in mechanical properties.
Several factors may affect the weather degradation such as time of exposure, humidity and temperature.
In special, the incorporation of granite residue was recently found to improve the clay ceramic properties [8-13].
These factors decrease the capacity of the incorporated ceramic to swell by water adsorption and to dilatate under the solar heat.

But in field application, due to many factors affect which include nonlinear and time varying, the dynamic parametric model only obtained by test and identification.
For this purpose, the following steps will be considered: First, building mathematical model of the single linear electromechanical actuator by generalized forces method, consider the situation of engineering practice, ignore some factors which can't reflects main dynamic properties.
As shown later by the results, these factors have only a minor impact on the quality of model.
With respect to small time constants, the remaining dynamic properties of the servo drive can be left out of consideration, playing only a negligible role in the overall behavior of the system and being irrelevant for the control model.
Fig.4 Comparison the output of real system and identified model Conclusions Because too many nonlinear factors exist, building exactly model of linear electromechanical actuator is almost impossible.

In this case the influence of this factor, exerted on the structure and properties, frequently appears to be highly significant” [3].
First, in scientific literature and field experience despite a multitude of researches devoted to study of the bronze casting properties, there are not any data on fatigue crack life of this material, its friction factor et cetera.
Third, the basic applicability of these components is related to the fact that they are applied in case of wear-out, that is, they should possess essential strength properties.
Discussion and Conclusions The indicated factors can be divided into groups according to which the reserves are virtually inessential, average and gross.
The average factors include metal heating/ageing time control, temperature control in the bull ladle et cetera.

Silicon carbide (SiC) is widely used in terrestrial and space applications because of its good mechanical, thermal and optical properties.
The input power and processing time are the two main influence factors on the processing temperature.
Introduction Owing to the excellent mechanical, thermal and optical properties such as high specific stiffness (high stiffness and low density), low thermal expansion, high thermal conductivity as well as high radiation resistance, SiC has long been recognized as an ideal material for both optics and structural assemblies in terrestrial and space applications [1].
Single factor method is adopted to study on the effect of different parameters on removal rate and temperature.
Prolonged temperature rise will certainly affect the linear trend of removal depth, thus, in the actual machining process, the residence time at a fixed point should not be too long.

The citric acid mixed raw material, however, may affect the corrosion behavior of the austenitic stainless steel made equipment.
The latter method is performed using the electrochemical properties of the material to define the behavior of the corrosion system immediately.
It should be noted that polarization results can only be good for pristine surface immersed into a solution for a short amount of time with precise amount solution chemistry, temperature, aeration, and many other factors.
The potential sweep rate is responsible for altering the recorded curve, especially in the affected region [5,6], and directly affect the curve recorded.
Frankel, Pitting Corrosion of Metals: A Review of the Critical Factors, J.

Pitting depends on the top layer of material structure, endurance material properties, surface roughness and the values of the friction coefficient.
In recent years, the issues on improving the mechanical properties of materials by changing their microstructure have been developed.
Impact of Carbides on Contact Fatigue Apart from temperature and time, a form of cementite in annealed steel is an important factor, affecting the kinetics of austenitising.
The shape and the dispersion degree of cementite activate carbides dissolution processes, thus affecting the related changes in carbon contents and in alloy elements in matrix.
It was manifested that one of the factors to reduce the adverse impact of primary carbide banding on contact strength of bearing steel 100CrMnSi6-4 may become properly selected heat treatment.

However, the optimum performance of these alloys requires an understanding of the operational conditions and the physical, chemical and metallurgical properties of the alloy used [3–5].
Another important factor in understanding the wear mechanism of an alloy is its metallurgical properties.
The size, shape, orientation and connectivity of the carbides affect toughness and wear resistance.
Since the main reason for abrasion-resistance in cast irons is the presence of hard, wear-resistant carbides [11–13], some studies have focused on the relationship between wear and the morphology of the carbides [1,2, 11–13]; others have correlated wear with the mechanical properties of these cast irons [1, 14-15].
No correlation between hardness and wear resistance were observed when the difference in alloy hardness was small, indicating that other factors must be analyzed.