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For example, (i) submicron-level fine-grained BaTiO3 ceramics have been used to increase the number of grain boundaries between electrodes, (ii) rare-earth elements have been doped to control the concentrations of oxygen vacancies [9].
However, these approaches are now facing a limit represented by the trade-off between the demand of decreasing grain size and the grain size effect of BaTiO3 ceramics.

Carbide grain size and cobalt content play a vital role in determining the mechanical properties and the wear resistance of thermally sprayed WC-Co coatings.
Several authors[2-4] have reported that the wear resistance of HVOF sprayed WC-Co coatings increases dramatically as WC grain size is reduced and decrease as the volume fraction of cobalt increases.
%Co powders with different carbide grain size were deposited by a set of TJ-9000 HVOF system made in Tianjin University.
According to WC grain size, the powders are labeled as N, S, D and C, which represent nano, submicron, doublemodal and conventional micron carbide size distributions, respectively.
This indicated that there were at least two type carbide phases in the nano-composite coating and the brighter particles were W2C and the others were WC because the brighter regions corresponded to the higher mean atomic number and density in backscattered electron signals images[10].

According to the equation of Scherrer, it is known that CsxWO3 powder grain size grows to 9.65 nm before annealing, and after 200°C and 400°C air annealing the CsxWO3 powder grain size is 26.2 nm and 31.75 nm, respectively.
The CsxWO3 grain size increases gradually with the increase of annealing temperature.
The grain size of CsxWO3 particles after 600°C and 700°C carbon powder atmosphere annealing grows to 44.24 nm and 47.62 nm, respectively.
The XRD patterns of CsxWO3 before and after carbon powder atmosphere annealing at different temperature for 2h As is known, the large number of W5+ and high carrier concentration in the CsxWO3 are conducive to its near infrared shielding ability.

The test results show that a large number of AE signals of sericite schist coarse aggregates are generated in the initial stage.
But a large number of AE signals will be emerged for coarse grain material at the first stage.
A large number of AE signals of sericite schist coarse aggregates are generated in the initial stage.
Because the specimen begin to emerge shear failure surface which further boost grain crushing, the rolling friction, and produce a large number of acoustic emission signals

., grain size, crystallographic orientation, and the character of the grain boundary distribution [1].
Electromigration voids nucleate at sites of flux divergence, such as grain boundary triple points since the activation energies for diffusion along copper interfaces depend on the crystallographic orientation of neighboring grains.
Interconnect lines 0.35 micron wide (left) and 3.6 micron wide (right) have distinctly different microstructure: grain size distribution, grain boundary network, and grain orientation distribution.
The in-fab applications, place a number of requirements on the measurement and analyses that are not necessarily compatible with the standard operation of analytical diffractometers.
The films differ in tetragonality and texture; c/a ratio for PZT#1 film is 1.041 and for PZT#2 is 1.033, and the volume fraction of grains having (100) orientation to grains having (001) orientation is 1.4 and 0.63, respectively.

Thus the critical technique in promoting the Al scraps reproduction process was how to relieve the harmful effect of non-metallic inclusions and effectively control the types and number of impurity elements.
In china, the number of Al mineral reserves only account for 1.94% of the world, but the average annual growth rate of china's Al consumption has been exceeded 7.2%.
By means of melting purification and treatment of homogenization and grain refining, microstructure has made a remarkable improvement, and mechanical properties and deformation performance has increased significantly.
A qualitative of study on directional freezing have been developed, and by controlling the temperature gradients in the front of the solid-liquid interface to eliminate the horizontal grain boundaries, even achive single crystal, thus substantially improve the performance of materials [12].
Although before thrown into the melting furnace, the Al scraps usually needs to experience sorting process, a large number of contaminating elements still had been brought into the melting furnace, and generated harmful effect to Al melting.

In the context of the 3IVM, ρ=fwρw+fiρi. γGB is the grain boundary specific energy.
Because recrystallized grains contain a very low dislocation density, it is necessary to adjust the flow stress in equation (1) with the fraction of unrecrystallized grains.
When the number of details is increased, separation is decreased and interfaces become less stable.
Grains evolution model.
Fig. 3 Grains evolution and dislocation density models with stored energy moved to grain evolution model Alternative interfaces.

The microstructures of peak hardness reveals that the average size of the precipitates becomes smaller in size and greater in number in the alloy with 50% deformations.
High tensile strength and yield strength and ductility as well as finer grain size have been obtained in 7075 Al alloy through the use of special TMT schedules [3].
Electrical resistance in materials is caused by the scattering of electrons due to disturbances in the crystal structure such as solute elements, impurities, grain boundaries, dislocations, vacancies etc [13].
Though both of alloys contain needle-shapedβ” precipitates, it is evident that the average size of the precipitates becomes smaller in size and greater in number in the alloy with 50% deformations.
(3) The precipitates become smaller in size and greater in number in the alloy with 50% deformation.

Schematic of grinding by spiral form structured wheel when the ratio of the wheel rotation number to the workpiece rotation number, n, is a natural number ().
In the case of (decimal number) When the ratio n is not a natural number and possesses a decimal number, the peripheral start positions of the spirals on the workpiece vary in different turn of the workpiece.
This cause an increase in the chip thickness and reduction of the grains which only rub and generate heat instead of chip formation.
This is due to the reduction in the number of the grains which come into contact with the workpiece.
This is due to the decreased number of active grains.

Clay materials are often complex natural mixtures of minerals with widely varying grain sizes, physical, chemical and mechanical properties.
The TDA grains have no pores, so they do not allow water to infiltrate easily, which makes the clay progressively more permeable. 3.2.
Shear stress-displacement response for experimentally tested samples Figures 7-9 show the results obtained for the clay mixed with the TDA grains.
It was also found that the shear stress of the clay was influenced by the quantity of tire grains added.
It can be noticed that as the TDA grains content increases in the samples, a high shear displacement was required to reach the shear peak.