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Much of this is associated with mechanical damage arising from digging or excavating by machines.
The chemical composition of the pipe steel is given in Table 1 and its mechanical properties are detailed in Table 2 (measured on full-thickness longitudinal direction).
Table 2 Tensile properties of APIX52 steel Stress strain curves have been fitted according to Ludwik's law n K . (6) where n is the strain hardening exponent and K is the hardening factor.
The obtained safety factor is then Fs = 2.97 for a 7MPa internal pressure Table 6 Obtained values of the effective distance, effective stress, notch stress intensity factor and hoop stress for the conditions described ef (MPa√m) Xef (mm) K(MPa√m) (MPa) 343 0.67 15,8 125 Table 7 Material properties and calculated values of parameters kr and Sr.
Recent studies [10-11] have shown that fracture toughness can be strongly affected by specimen size, crack depth and loading configuration.

Introduction Free-cutting steels are known for their machinability because of free-machining additives ,such as S、P、Pb、Se、Te、Bi、Zr、Re, which can affect machinability and mechanical properties.
Preparing heat treatment is important because appropriate heat treatment could make good the material structure, reduce or even eliminate internal stress, improve mechanical properties and so as to prolong the life of machine parts produced.
Moreover, by heat treatment, machine parts can gain the ability of abrasive resistant and corrosion resistant properties.
Surface roughness is of great importance because it is used as the critical quality indicator for the machined surfaces and has influence on several properties such as wear resistance, fatigue strength, coefficient of friction, lubrication, wear rate and corrosion resistance of the machined parts [5].
Consequently, surface roughness becomes one of the most important factors assessing the machining quality especially for finish cutting.

Real concrete structures are affected by environmental conditions.
The bond between GFRP and concrete is influenced by several factors: surface shape and mechanical properties of reinforcement (CNR-DT 203/2006) [6] as well as rebar diameter, concrete compressive strength, anchoring length and confinement of reinforcement [7].
Tab. 1 Geometric and mechanical properties of GFRP reinforcement Diameter [mm ] Tensile strength [MPa] Modulus of elasticity [GPa] 15.5 1069 54.7 Tab. 2 Concrete specification Test day Compressive cube strength [MPa] Modulus of elasticity [GPa] 3 19.83 37.8 28 45.92 38.5 Experimental Set-Up and Testing Procedure The cube forms with 200 mm side were used as a mould for concreting of each concrete sample, see Fig. 1a.
As the slip of the bar increases, the mechanical interlocking increases considerably.
M., Investigation of Bond Properties of Glass Fibre Reinforced Polymer Bars in Concrete under Direct Tension, Master´s thesis, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Toronto, (2012)

Affects the overall result (e.g. damage to the cutting tool, roughness of the machined surface, failures, defects and changes to the mechanical properties of the work piece) of the machined surface on the component.
Not always is the tool durability (service life) the decisive factor.
Fig. 3 Dependency of the tool service life on the cutting speed Table 1 Comparing certain exponent values for defined conditions The cuttingtool material Exponent "m" f=0.04 mm f=0.08 mm f=0.1 mm N15 - HSS 4.33 3.27 2.36 N16 - HSS+8% Co 3.07 1.6 1.81 N18 - SC 2.47 1.54 1.38 N19 - HSS+8% Co 1.88 1.51 0.97 N20 - SC +TiAlN 1.6 0.9 1.43 N21 - SC +TiAlN 1.11 0.83 1.04 N22 - SC HPL (M) 1.07 1.24 0.81 The cutting speed mainly affects: tool service life, needed input power.
The feed speed affects:chip shaping,necessary input power,contributes to mechanical and thermal stress.High feed speeds can cause:good chip shaping,shortened periods in mesh,reducing the tool wear,increasing the risk of destroying the drill, reduced hole quality.
The shape of chips affect:the quality of the hole surface after cutting,the destruction of the cutting element of the drill.

The influences of the key factors (i.e. emulsifier, stabilizer, concentration of the oil phase) on synthesis reaction were systematically evaluated.
Determination of thermal properties and thermal reliability of the product: The melting and crystallization point, and latent heats of PMMA/paraffin microcapsules were measured by using differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) (DSC 823e, METTLER TOLEDO).
The changes in thermal properties after thermal cycling were evaluated using DSC analysis.
Thermal properties of microcapsules: The DSC curve of microcapsule sample is illustrated in Fig.1 (B).
The latent heat (enthalpy, ΔHm) of the paraffin is 212.14 J∙g-1, so the paraffin content in the microcapsules is further calculated based on ΔHm, by assuming that the microencapsulation does not affect the ΔHm of core materials [14].

The most commonly infrastructure material used, nowadays, in all-ceramic dental prosthesis, consists of polycrystalline tetragonal zirconia partially stabilized with yttria (Y-TZP) (5,6), because the combination of their mechanical properties such as high fracture toughness and flexural strength property associated with phase transformation property (tetragonal to monoclinic), and lower modulus of elasticity (7,8).
All of these properties together justify the higher survival rate of infrastructure when compared to the other dental ceramics (9,10).
For this study, the choice of Y-TZP to make the  infrastructures, among oxide ceramics, is justified by the fact of having excellent mechanical properties such as high fracture toughness, high flexural strength, associated to the property of phase transformation (tetragonal to monoclinic), and lower modulus of elasticity (7,8) and the cause of machining blocks pre-sintered, (12) happens, since the blocks produced for the systems CAD-CAM are more homogeneous and with minimal inherent defects compared to manual procedures in layers (13).
Indeed, it is necessary to analyze each of these factors that can lead to chipping, to an understanding of its relation with the problem.
Especially regarding to wear antagonist substrate of the optical properties with respect to surface roughness and in relation to aging and the possibility of phase change of the transmitted directly front on them (29) tensions.

The existing models should be perfected by the three aspects of enlarging the sample size, selecting main factors, F-test and t-test.
Dependence of biodiesel fuel properties on the structure of fatty acid alkyl esters[J].
Impact of fatty acid methyl ester upon cold flow properties for biodiesel[J].
Impact of composition and molecular structure upon the cold flow properties for biodiesel[J].
Blending effects of biodiesels on oxidation stability and low temperature flow properties[J].

Titanium and its alloys are difficult to machine materials due to several inherent properties of the material.
Due to their substandard machinability, it is not easy to machine Ti-alloys economically with traditional mechanical techniques [4].
The factors and their levels in coded and actual values are depicted in Table 1.
The present study reveals that factors like wire feed rate, pulse off time and pulse on time are the primary influencing factors affect not only on the productivity but also on the surface quality of machined specimens.
Akutsu, “A fundamental study on Ti–6Al– 4V’s thermal and electrical properties andtheir relation to EDM productivity,” J.

The superconducting properties were investigated by the measurement of the temperature dependence of magnetic susceptibility and by current voltage characteristic.
Introduction The relatively poor mechanical properties of high-Tc superconductors are limiting for practical applications of these ceramic material.
Improvement of mechanical properties can be achieved by development of composite microstructures.
Not only the amount of Ag mixed into the composite but also the size of Ag particles is an important factor for the microstructure and the transport properties.
The superconducting properties were tested by the measurement of the temperature dependence of the dc magnetic susceptibility using a simple magnetometer with SQUID.

To increase system’s reliability, it is highly recommended to use a narrow bandwidth with low frequency and better propagation properties.
Information affecting the operators’ “subconscious” might also be needed, e.g. terrain inclinations, or the burden level of the drive system without tracking the indicators.
There is also leading research on equipment steering perception enhancing systems, for instance, through the introduction sensing forces and loads affecting equipment.
It is highly recommended to remember that this high frequency is exposed to the negative effects of a high number of external factors, causing an increase in the possibility of disturbances.
A very important factor that directly affects the comfort of the operator’s work is the appropriate selection of simultaneously transmitted video information.