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The purpose of the first reduction at approximately 1000 °C is to refine austenite grains by re-crystallization.
The purpose of the second reduction at temperatures of 950 – 930 °C is to utilize the fastest available course of precipitation (Nb, V)(C, N), that should, at the same time, accelerate the kinetics of DIFT.
Finally, three reductions at 820 °C are considered [2] as DIFT rolling.
In preparation of the plastometer for physical simulations in this temperature range, frequent modifications to the control software were performed in order to allow data acquisition for these temperature ranges as well.

Introduction Effective modifying additives are widely used in construction industry to improve the competitiveness of products and services according to the criteria of quality and reduction of energy consumption of manufacturing processes of building composite materials.
Significant reduction in strength properties of hardened cement paste was observed with introduction of crystalline glyoxal in the amount of 0.5 and 1% by weight of cement, for example strength of 3-day sample decreased by 66%.
According to the data obtained from SEM Quanta 200 3D investigation, it can be said that еру introduction of glyoxal into cement paste increases the quantity of hydroaluminate that promotes the formation of more close packing structure by increasing the rate of hydration (Fig.1).
Experimental studies have established that the introduction of crystalline glyoxal to cement paste in amount of 0.01-0.05% of the cement weight leads to increase of compressive strength by 7-8% and leads to reduction of the required volume of gauging water by 2 – 4.

However, at the highest concentration, the reduction in strength was such that it was almost one-half the value of the non-hydrogenated specimen.
For the completely amorphous specimen, the reduction in elastic modulus was ~25% lower than that of the value observed for the one with ~ 40 at.% hydrogen.
Nevertheless, for Ti50Zr25Cu25 alloy, the magnitude of decrease in fracture strength is moderate, when compared with the earlier reported data of fracture strength on Zr- and Ti-based fully amorphous alloys [9,14], which could accommodate a maximum of upto ~43 at.% and ~41 Figure 2.
It involved the reduction in cohesion between metal atoms, brought about by the expansion of structure, due to hydrogen addition [9,14].

Jeevaneswaran1 1 Data Storage Institute, 5 Engineering Drive 1, Off Kent ridge crescent, NUS, Singapore 2 Dept of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 3 Dept of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore 4 School of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 5 Defense Medical & Environmental Research Institute, DSO National Lab, Singapore a Zhang_jingbo@dsi.a-star.edu.sg Keywords: Nanoparticles (NPs), Metal-core dielectric-shell colloid, Silicon dioxide (SiO2) encapsulated metallic nanoparticles, Au@SiO2, Silicon dioxide spacer layer, Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance (LSPR), Metal-Enhanced Fluorescence (MEF).
Synthesis of Colloidal Gold and Silver Nanoparticles, Colloid Deposited Glass and Au@SiO2 Synthesis of Au and Ag Colloids with Sodium Citrate Reduction Method.
They can be synthesized routinely in our Lab with the standard sodium citrate reduction method [13].
Fig. 17 Dry State BSA-Rhodamine B on glass with 53 nm Au NP covered by 25 nm SiO2 film, 24 hour incubation Fig. 18 Dry state control BSA-Rhodamine B with the same concentration, incubated on glass 24 hours Fig. 19 Wet State mixed solution of Au@SiO2 and BSA-FITC, 24 hour incubation, DAu = 17 nm, TSiO2= 25 nm Fig. 20 Wet state control BSAFITC solution with the same concentration, incubated on glass 24 hours Summary In this paper, we report our effort and approaches for controlling the size of Au and Ag NPs in chemical reduction assays, and the thickness of the SiO2 shell during the synthesizing process of Au@SiO2, as well as the thickness of the sputtered thin film on colloid deposited glass substrate.

Some examples of these nonconventional powder preparation techniques are: solvent vaporization, electrochemical reduction [11], solvent combustion [12], coprecipitation [4, 8, 13] and sol-gel [14].
Increasing the calcination temperature, those have a slightly size reduction till 1000ºC, probably due to the lowering of electrostatic attractive forces between particles.
Fig. 5 illustrates the X-ray diffraction pattern of the sample 12/3, and diffraction data from ICDD files from reference materials.
Considering that the mechanical properties of sintered ceramics are strongly dependent on physical characteristics of starting powders, these results show a very promising possibility of cost reduction on producing high quality materials.

The two ternary alloys, after an initial fast weight gain, which was much larger for Fe-5Cr-10Al, present two parabolic stages, with a reduction of the rate constant from the first to the second stage.
(a) Normal plots; (b) parabolic plots 50 µµµµm (a) 10 µµµµm (b) Fig. 2 Cross sections (SEM/BEI) of Fe-10Al oxidized at 1000 o C in 1 atm O2 for 50h Discussion Considering that the presence of Al produces a closed loop for the stability of the γ phase of iron in the temperature range of 912−1394°C [13] and using the available data for the diffusion coefficient of Al in Fe as well as for the diffusion coefficient and the solubility of oxygen in Fe at 1000°C, the critical Al content (at.%) needed to avoid its internal oxidation is about 3.93 at.%, while that required to form external alumina scales in the presence of parabolic kinetics using the present rate constant for the first stage is about 2.07 at.% [14].
However, on Fe-5Cr-10Al, these nodules are subsequently healed by an alumina layer, as shown in Fig. 3, with a corresponding large reduction of the corrosion rate.
In fact, according to the initial suggestion by Wagner [17], the TEE consists in a reduction of the critical C content needed to avoid its internal oxidation and to form external scales of its oxide on ternary A-B-C alloys with respect to binary A-C alloys due to the presence of B [1,18].

To facilitate the formation of Fe-Co alloy nanoparticles, co-reduction/co-precipitation of iron and cobalt has to be realized.
It is known that in polyol process, the formation of metallic powders are realized by reduction of metallic ions through the oxidation of liquid polyols [10].
A general reaction scheme in polyol process has been proposed as dissolution of the solid precursor, reduction in solution, homogeneous nucleation and growth of the metallic phase from the solution and so on [10].
Oku for useful discussions relating to the diffusion of metallic atoms in the alloy and the interpretation of XPS data.

Introduction Dynamic voltage scaling (DVS) has been proposed as an effective solution for power reduction in modern low power processors [1,2], in which the supply voltage (Vdd) and the operating frequency are adjusted according to the system performance constraints to reduce power consumption.
The major SRAM array failures (read failure, access time failure, write failure, hold failure) will be degraded due to: 1) sensitivity of PV and 2) dramatic reduction of on-to-off current ratio (Ion/Ioff) [6].
Tab. 2 The ratio of characteristic values of two types of inverters of proposed INV_β_6 and INV_sch Supply Voltage Area Leakage Current Power Noise Margin Energy 150 mV 43.0% 66.76% 47.04% 152.6% 68.84% 1200 mV 43.0% 63.17% 44.46% 143.4% 75.29% C.Proposed UDVS SRAM Design Ultra dynamic voltage scaling (UDVS) design, in which the supply voltage can be switched from 1200 mV to 150 mV, enables remarkable reduction of power consumption with "acceptable" performance penalty in the non-burst mode operation.
Kim, “A High-Density Subthreshold SRAM with Data-Independent Bitline Leakage and Virtual Ground Replica Scheme,” in proceedings of IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference, pp.330-606, 2007

Cooling capability. cooling capacity is the actual reduction heat of cooling water in unit time, is computed as： Q = cp q ( t1 - t2 ) （2） Where, q is the circulating water flow, kg/s, cp is the specific heat at constant pressure, kJ/kg*℃.
After collating and analyzing the data, the evaluation results of three cooling towers efficiency and cooling capacity are shown in Table 1.
When the air flow rate is in certain circumstance, the reduction of cooling water flow rate will causes that the air/water ratio increases.
The variation of inlet air flow rate and inlet water flow rate leads to the significant reduction of cooling capacity.

These models are determined with data obtained in compression tests of simple and double hit [2].
This advantage causes the minimization of tooling costs thanks to the reduction of the number of preforms used to obtain the final component.
According to the temperature distribution, the work previously developed established that the optimum distribution is the last one: 500ºC tool temperature and 15mm/s axial velocity what asses less temperature difference between billet and tools, achieving better grain size homogeneity, and reduction in process time.
“Material reduction costs by new rotary processes: rotary forging and flowforming”: submitted to XXX SENAFOR 2010 (2010) [7] J.F.