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The strength and hardness of materials increase with decreasing of grain size causes by existing of a hard phase which is martensite at the surface of samples [7].
Valasek, International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives, 70 (2016) 176-190
Zhou, Applied Surface Science, 388 (2016) 406-411
Filatova, Applied Surface Science, 327 (2015) 1-6
Ramezani, Materials Physics and Mechanics, 17 (2013) 33-37.

O’Dwyer, Artificial opal photonic crystals and inverse opal structures – fundamentals and applications from optics to energy storage, Journal of materials chemistry C 3(24) (2015) 6109-6143, DOI: 10.1039/c5tc01083g
Kuznetsov, Three-dimensional nanocomposite metal dielectric materials on the basis of opal matrices, Russian journal of general chemistry 83(11) (2013) 2148-2158, DOI: 10.1134/S1070363213110340
Bagdasaryan, Nanostructures carbon materials in emission electronics, Russian Technological Journal 5(3) (2017) 22‒40 (in Russian)
Sanchez-Dehesa, Face centered cubic photonic bandgap materials based on opal-semiconductor composites, Journal of lightwave technology 17(11) (1999) 1975-1981, DOI: 10.1109/50.802983
Osipov, Development of an acoustoelectric method for determining the porosity of dielectric materials, Russian Journal of Nondestructive Testing 43(2) (2007) 95-99, doi: 10.1134/S1061830907020040

Shein, Polymeric composite materials in railway transport of Russia (review), Scientific and Technical On-line Journal “Trudy VIAM”. 7 (43) (2016) [in Russian]
Uzdensky, Refractory polymeric materials (compositions and composite concentrates), The journal “Plastics”. 2 (2003)
Berlin, Combustion of polymers and materials with reduced flammability, Soros journal review. 9 (1996) 57-63
Younis, Effect of mineral fillers on the wetting of water-based polymer dispersions, IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. 708 (1) (2019) 012103
Perez, The study of polymer materials by mechanical spectrometry, Polymer Science. 40 (1) (1988) 102-135

(a) Test for Mode I fracture toughness of Northeast China Larch As standard test procedures of determining fracture toughness KIC of wood have not been established yet, the ASTM guideline for CT specimens of metallic materials (ASTM E399-09) was taken as the reference of the test.
Although Eq. (1) given by ASTM E399-09 is for isotropic materials only, Sih, Paris and Irwin reported that little difference will be introduced when orthotropy is taken into account for a sharp crack [10].
[9] ASTM E399-09 Plane-Strain Fracture Toughness of Metallic Materials.
Croager, Mode II fracture toughness of wood measured by a mixed-mode test method, Journal of Materials Science Letter. 1 (1982) 77-79
Walsh, Linear fracture mechanics in orthotropic materials, Engineering Fracture Mechanics. 4 (1972) 533-541

Experimental Materials preparation.
Materials characterization.
Results and Discussion Preparation of silicon-based nanometer materials.
Materials Letters, 178 (2016)252- 255
Si–graphite composites as anode materials for lithium secondary batteries[J].Journal of Power Sources, 195 (2010)6031- 6036

The Ecuadorian paper industry faces the constant challenge of seeking alternative raw materials to replace wood pulp in paper production and its derivatives to reduce production costs.
The Ecuadorian paper industry heavily invests in exporting raw materials such as wood pulp, making it dependent on the global market dynamics with its constant price fluctuations [3,4].
This dependency underscores the potential for exploring alternative sources of raw materials, such as bacterial cellulose secreted as part of the extracellular metabolism of certain bacteria.
Flores, “Impacto de la globalización en las estrategias de negocios en las empresas ecuatorianas,” E-IDEA Journal of Business Sciences. 3, 1–11, (2021). https://doi.org/10.53734/eidea.vol3.id88 [5] F.
Tabe, “Exploring the Potentials of Banana (Musa Sapietum) Peels in Feed Formulation, “ International Journal of Advanced Research in Chemical Science. 5, (2018). https://doi.org/10.20431/2349-0403.0505003 [17] L.

Introduction Carbon steels remain the most used materials in drawing industries because of their excellent price-performance ratio.
Advanced Materials Research, 936, 1948-1952
International Journal of Material Forming, 3, 7-11
[11] N.A.Raji and O.O.Oluwole. (2013) Mechanical properties of cold-drawn low carbon steel for nail manufacture: experimental observation.Research Journal of Applied Sciences, Engineering and Technology, 5, 118-122
Journal of Materials Science, 43, 1241-1248

Experiments Materials.
Journal of HeFei University of Technology.
Chinese Journal of Appued Chemistry.
Journal of Membrane Science 360 (2010) 371–379 [6] Rahul A.
Journal of Hazardous Materials 172 (2009) 1321–1328 [7] Fujun Liu, Bing Qin , Linghao He, Rui Song.

Characterization of TiO2 composite film on steel obtained in aluminate electrolyte by PEO and the photocatalytic activities Yunlong Wang1,*, Miao Wang1,2, Yuemei Qin3, Xingfeng Shi1, Huirong Guo1, Zijuan He1 1Center for photon Manufacturing Science and Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013,China 2Research institution of advance materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013,China 3Department of electronic and electrical engineering, Jiandong Polytechnic College, Changzhou,213022, China Corresponding author, Tel/fax: 86-511-88790191, E-mail: Wangyunlonghit@yahoo.com.cn Keywords: TiO2 composite film, photocatalytic, plasma electrolytic oxidation, aluminate electrolyte, steel Abstract.
Materials and methods Film preparation and structure characterization Q235 carbon steel sample with a bare area of 10mm×20mm was first washed with acetone and distilled water and served as anode in PEO.
Photobiol., A: Chemistry, 148 (2002 )33-245 [5] Dongjin Byun, Yongki Jin, Bumjoon Kim, Joong Kee Lee, Dalkeun Park, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 73(2000) 199-206 [6] Nicholas T.
Seery, Steven J.et. al.Journal of Hazardous Materials, 211–212 (2012) 88-94 [7] Satoshi Takeda, Susumu Suzuki, Hidefumi Odaka, Hideo Hosono, Thin Solid Films, 392(2001)338-344 [8] He, J.; Luo, Q.; Cai, Q.Z.; Li, X.W.; Zhang, D.Q.
Materials Chemistry and Physics.129 (2011)242-248 [9] Danuta Krupa, Jacek Baszkiewicz, Joanna Zdunek, Jerzy Smolik, Zbigniew Słomka, Janusz W.

Experimental Materials.
Glasser: Journal Applied Polymer Science, Vol. 29 (1984), p. 1111
Bagley: Journal of Applied Polymer Science, Vol. 44 (1992), p. 1477
Shiraishi: Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 78 (2000), p. 319
Xu: Polymer Materials Science and Engineering, 19 (2003), p. 194.