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Introduction Dynamic voltage scaling (DVS) has been proposed as an effective solution for power reduction in modern low power processors [1,2], in which the supply voltage (Vdd) and the operating frequency are adjusted according to the system performance constraints to reduce power consumption.
The major SRAM array failures (read failure, access time failure, write failure, hold failure) will be degraded due to: 1) sensitivity of PV and 2) dramatic reduction of on-to-off current ratio (Ion/Ioff) [6].
Tab. 2 The ratio of characteristic values of two types of inverters of proposed INV_β_6 and INV_sch Supply Voltage Area Leakage Current Power Noise Margin Energy 150 mV 43.0% 66.76% 47.04% 152.6% 68.84% 1200 mV 43.0% 63.17% 44.46% 143.4% 75.29% C.Proposed UDVS SRAM Design Ultra dynamic voltage scaling (UDVS) design, in which the supply voltage can be switched from 1200 mV to 150 mV, enables remarkable reduction of power consumption with "acceptable" performance penalty in the non-burst mode operation.
Kim, “A High-Density Subthreshold SRAM with Data-Independent Bitline Leakage and Virtual Ground Replica Scheme,” in proceedings of IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference, pp.330-606, 2007

Cooling capability. cooling capacity is the actual reduction heat of cooling water in unit time, is computed as： Q = cp q ( t1 - t2 ) （2） Where, q is the circulating water flow, kg/s, cp is the specific heat at constant pressure, kJ/kg*℃.
After collating and analyzing the data, the evaluation results of three cooling towers efficiency and cooling capacity are shown in Table 1.
When the air flow rate is in certain circumstance, the reduction of cooling water flow rate will causes that the air/water ratio increases.
The variation of inlet air flow rate and inlet water flow rate leads to the significant reduction of cooling capacity.

These models are determined with data obtained in compression tests of simple and double hit [2].
This advantage causes the minimization of tooling costs thanks to the reduction of the number of preforms used to obtain the final component.
According to the temperature distribution, the work previously developed established that the optimum distribution is the last one: 500ºC tool temperature and 15mm/s axial velocity what asses less temperature difference between billet and tools, achieving better grain size homogeneity, and reduction in process time.
“Material reduction costs by new rotary processes: rotary forging and flowforming”: submitted to XXX SENAFOR 2010 (2010) [7] J.F.

The initial Al sheets were then asymmetrically rolled to different reductions ranging from 0 to 90% on a laboratory asymmetrical rolling mill with roll radius ratio of 1.5.
Total 5 passes were performed, with reduction of more than 50% in thickness after each pass.
The average r-value (r _ -value), and Δr-value were obtained from the measured data.
After asymmetric rolling with 90% reduction in thickness, one-tenth surface layer (S=0.9) showed rotated cube texture component, {001}<110>, S texture component, {123}<634> and weak gamma-fiber texture component, ND//<111> and center layer (S=0) showed rotated cube texture component, {001}<110> and weak gamma-fiber texture component, ND//<111> in Fig.2 (b).

Reduction of titanium raised with the increasing of TiO2 in slag, , and dissolved in hot metal, simultaneous there is a certain amount of TiC, TiN and Ti (C,N) formation, with the increase in furnace charge bearing titanium[1,2].
Ti reduction in blast furnace is predominantly by the reaction of TiO2 in slag and fixed carbon of coke, then can dissolve in molten iron.
The combined effect of [Si] and [Ti] concentration is slightly smaller than [Ti] content to viscosity with the previous results mentioned that the data by Wen Guangyuan et al[5].
Moreover, furnace temperature over high will increase the reduction of titanium, resulting in the precipitation of titanium, hot metal become viscous, and its flow properties deteriorate, the desulfurization capability of it will be further affected.

Load cell recorded forming load as a function of displacement in time behaviour and displayed the load data in computer software.
Fig. 3 shows friction measurements are presented for a range of conditions, including changes in lubricant, strip reduction and strip roughness.
Measurement of friction coefficient on the contact sliding surface, particularly at 45° tool die reduction area, in strip drawing is given by Eqn. 3 [7]
Results and Discussion The mechanics of strip drawing began by placing the aluminium strip in the die container at the die opening reduction region.

The TWC advantage is related to a simultaneous implementation of the CO oxidation, hydrocarbon oxidation and NOx reduction reactions [1].
However, despite the high activity in CO and hydrocarbon oxidation, palladium has limited activity in reduction of nitrogen oxides [1].
Rhodium is another necessary TWC constituent and is widely recognized as the most efficient catalyst for NOx reduction to N2.
According to XRD analysis data (Fig. 2), the samples treated at 1000 and 1100 °C are characterized with quite similar diffraction patterns.

It can be noted that the reduction of excess pore pressures increases with the growth of the dynamic stress ratio to static stress ratio ηd/ηs.
The reduction in excess pore pressures increases with the growth of the dynamic stress ratio.
Furthermore, the reduction of excess pore pressures increases with the growth of cyclic stress ratios.
Cai, Pore pressure characteristic analysis of soft clay during unloading based on lab data and numerical calculation, Chin.

Both Al alloys were first roll-bonded with a 50% reduction and the product was cut in half.
(a) (b) Fig. 1: Texture of initial (a) AA5754 and (b) AA6061 alloys The coinciding sheet surfaces of both aluminums were first degreased with acetone, brushed, then AA5754 was stacked over AA6061 with iron wires and finally rolled to 50% reduction.
The data were analyzed with the OIMTM software and pole figures were replaced in the rolling direction-transverse direction (RD-TD) plane.

To investigate the transition, the fretting wear tester was contrived to prevent the reduction of relative displacement between tube and support by increasing the load.
After the tests, the change in the wear scar of the tube was recorded by using surface profile meter and these data was used for estimating approximate wear volume.
19.1� 10-15m3/Nm 200 � 1.9� 10-15m3/Nm 7.4� 10-15m3/Nm 60 N 1.3� 10-15m3/Nm 19.6� 10-15m3/Nm 300 � - 16.4� 10-15m3/Nm A B C A B C A B A 0 20 40 60 80 Weight % A 9.48 1.48 25.84 14 41.68 B 4.04 0.8 27.57 12.4 55.19 O Si Cr Fe Ni 0 20 40 60 80 Weight % A 28.53 2.15 11.58 46.1 11.65 B 2.72 0.46 26.51 16.08 54.22 C 0 0.81 15.7 29.89 53.59 O Si Cr Fe Ni 0 20 40 60 80 Weight % A 2.13 0.99 24.34 16.71 55.82 B 24.09 1.54 12.35 50.1 11.92 C 26.54 0.83 10.81 45.15 9.45 O Si Cr Fe Ni 0 20 40 60 80 Weight % A 5.83 0.93 12.73 24.4 56.1 O Si Cr Fe Ni (a) 50 � (f) (e) (g) (h) (b) 100 � (c) 200 � (d) 300 � Fig. 3 SEM microscopic images and EDX analyses of worn tube surface by relative displacement at a load of 40 N Conclusions In this work, the fretting wear characteristics of the tube-support component were studied to investigate the transition between mild wear and severe wear and the effect of load increase without the reduction